https://repository.kippra.or.ke/handle/123456789/18 2022-10-31T05:26:32Z 2022-10-31T05:26:32Z Kinyua, Beatrice Mwiti, Miriam https://repository.kippra.or.ke/handle/123456789/3867 2022-10-12T17:06:17Z 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z

Discussion Paper No. 271 of 2021 on The Nexus Between Innovation Gap and Firm Ownership in Kenya: A Gender Approach Kinyua, Beatrice; Mwiti, Miriam This paper sought to explore the gender gap in innovation among firms in Kenya. The study’s objective was to determine the extent of the gender innovation gap for male-owned and female-owned firms, and the factors contributing to this gap. Subsequently, the study incorporated the Blinder Oaxaca decomposition technique adopting the extended non-linear regression version by Fairlie. Cross-sectional data used was sourced from the World Bank Enterprise Survey 2018. The findings highlighted that the probability of female owned-firms to innovate was lower than that of male-owned firms, an indication that there was an innovation gap. Further, it was established that male-owned enterprises had better innovation outcomes as they possessed resources that femaleowned firms did not have. These resources include hiring of an experienced top manager who may require large compensation, thus hindering female-owned firms from recruiting due to the associated financial resource constraints. Additionally, there were unobservable factors that formed a larger portion of the innovation gap, indicating that there were structural biases that favoured male-owned firms to be innovative over female-owned firms. These structural biases are often associated with discrimination. These findings therefore shed light on gender inequalities that exist in the context of innovation. There is need for policy makers to promote gender equality by advocating and formulating policies that address structural biases, thus creating a level playing field in terms of promoting impartiality in innovation among male-owned and female-owned firms in Kenya. Reducing the unobservable structural biases that accounted for a higher share in gender innovation gap would significantly reduce the innovation gap in Kenya.

2021-01-01T00:00:00Z Naeku, Cecilia Juma, Kenneth https://repository.kippra.or.ke/handle/123456789/3866 2022-10-12T17:05:55Z 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z

Discussion Paper No. 270 of 2021 on The Effect of E-Government on Government Effectiveness and Control of Corruption among UN Member Countries Naeku, Cecilia; Juma, Kenneth E-government has been implemented by various countries with the aim to improve public sector efficiency through better service delivery, increased accountability and improved interaction between the government, citizens and businesses. E-participation increases the scope of e-government to include information sharing, collaborative decision-making and participatory service delivery. Both e-government and e-participation have numerous benefits, among them the potential to improve public services and control corruption. This is particularly important given that corruption is one of the most persistent and prevalent challenges to socio-economic development and quality public service. This study sought to assess the status of e-government and e-participation in Kenya and compare it with aspirator countries to identify areas of weakness, opportunities and lessons. It also determined the effect of e-government on control of corruption among high income countries, upper middle-income countries and lower middle-income countries. The results show that Kenya’s score on the telecommunication infrastructure index was the lowest when compared to aspirator countries. The study suggested areas that Kenya could learn on e-government and e-participation in aspirator countries. Particularly, the possibility of exploring context-specific e-government initiatives such as SMS-based e-participation and mobile-based e-services was elucidated. E-government development index and E-participation index were found to have positive effects on government effectiveness and control of corruption among the three categories of countries. However, the effects were significant for highincome countries and upper middle-income countries that had higher average scores for the components of e-government development index. Therefore, lower-middle income countries such as Kenya need to continue investing on e-government and e-participation to increase their government effectiveness and control of corruption.

2021-01-01T00:00:00Z Mbaka, Charity Njogu, Humphrey https://repository.kippra.or.ke/handle/123456789/3865 2022-10-12T17:06:14Z 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z

Discussion Paper No. 269 of 2021 on Analysis of the Housing Status and Access to Basic Infrastructure in Nairobi City County: Disparities and Level of Deprivation Mbaka, Charity; Njogu, Humphrey Access to basic infrastructure is a key constituent and a prerequisite for affordable housing. Nairobi City County accounts for the highest affordable housing deficit in the country, with roughly 60 per cent of residents living in informal settlements. Therefore, an in-depth empirical analysis of the current housing status at a disaggregated level is key for targeted affordable housing policy interventions. This study analyzed intra-county disparities in housing conditions and access to basic infrastructure and designed a Multidimensional Housing Deprivation Index (MHDI) to serve as a policy-prescriptive tool in addressing housing deprivation in all its dimensions. MHDI framework involved defining dimensions, indicators, deprivation cutoffs and weights. The analysis involved computation of the housing deprivation incidence, intensity, and decomposition of MHDI by sub-groups. The results indicate that there is distinctive intra-county disparities and pockets of deprivation in access to basic infrastructure and housing conditions. The sub-counties dominated by informal settlements recorded higher levels of deprivation. MHDI score (0.195) indicates that 19.5 per cent of households are multidimensional housing deprived in at least 33.0 per cent of the weighted indicators. The incidence (0.407) of housing deprivation indicates that 40.7 per cent of households are multidimensional deprived, suggesting that 4 out of 10 households were deprived. Further Intensity (0.48) showed that, on average, multidimensional deprived households were deprived in 48 per cent of weighted indicators. The indicators that contribute highest to MHDI includes cooking fuel (26.7%), internet (18.8%), garbage collection (18.7%), and handwashing facility (12.2%). The study recommends a multisectoral approach in planning and developing affordable housing projects to ensure seamless execution of the plans. In addition, Nairobi County Development Plans should allocate adequate resources and identify appropriate strategies to reduce deprivation, with more emphasis on indicators contributing the most to MHDI.

2021-01-01T00:00:00Z Kihiu, Evelyne https://repository.kippra.or.ke/handle/123456789/3864 2022-10-12T17:05:51Z 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z

Discussion Paper No. 267 of 2021 on Gender, Access to Agricultural Resources and Food Security in Kenya Kihiu, Evelyne Food insecurity is a major development challenge in developing countries. In Kenya, the food poverty incidence remains high, as about 1 in every 3 individuals does not meet the minimum daily calorific requirement. Research points to possible gender-linked pathways through which agriculture influences food security in households. Gender considerations are especially important in the African context where there are broad divisions in the responsibilities between men and women and how they use their personal income in line with traditional cultures. To evaluate this pathway in the Kenyan context, we explore how women’s empowerment in agriculture compares to that of men, and its effects on household’s food security outcomes, measured using household’s food consumption scores. We find that approximately 28 per cent of households in Kenya are food insecure. We further show that women in agriculture are more disempowered relative to men. Women are mainly disempowered in: access to and decisions on agricultural credit, agricultural group membership, and asset ownership. Men are mainly disempowered in access to and decisions on agricultural credit and agricultural group membership. We find that women’s empowerment has a positive and significant effect on households’ food consumption scores, whereas the male’s empowerment effect is weaker and much lower. The dimensions of women’s empowerment that matter most in increasing household’s food consumption cost are input in productive decisions, control over use of income, and group membership. With men, the dimension that matters most in increasing household’s food consumption cost is access to and decisions on credit. The study results suggest that household food and nutrition security could be enhanced to a greater degree through interventions that promote women’s empowerment in agriculture.

2021-01-01T00:00:00Z Moi, Edna Iravo, Mike Minja, David https://repository.kippra.or.ke/handle/123456789/3863 2022-10-12T17:05:48Z 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z

Discussion Paper No. 266 of 2021 on Gender-Based Leadership Inequality and Economic Development in Kenya Moi, Edna; Iravo, Mike; Minja, David The need to achieve gender-based leadership and reduce the inequality that has existed before cannot be without women’s empowerment. Having female leadership increases equality, since most African countries are patriarchal societies. This paper utilized a descriptive research design and used both secondary and primary data from two County Governments in Kenya. The paper found that in both political and economic leadership, there is still a disparity between men and women. In terms of ownership of land and employment, economic benefits go to individuals, groups, and regions that had hitherto not gained much from what little growth has taken place. The right to education is guaranteed by the Constitution as a variable to the empowerment of women and girls, but education is still wanting for women. Many girls are still out of school due to, among other factors, customary practices that expose them to early marriages and child pregnancies. The legal frameworks available, including African Call to have 50:50 gender representation, are yet to be realized in Kenya.

2021-01-01T00:00:00Z Gachanja, Isaac Muiruri https://repository.kippra.or.ke/handle/123456789/3862 2022-10-12T17:05:44Z 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z

Discussion Paper No. 265 of 2021 on The Influence of Pedagogy on Self Efficacy of University Students in Kenya Across Gender Gachanja, Isaac Muiruri The early stages of developing entrepreneurs are important in shaping their attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, confidence and capacity. However, these stages are gender-sensitive due to the social-cultural, contextual and economic factors. The purpose of this study was therefore to conduct a comparative analysis of gender difference in the influence of Entrepreneurship Education Pedagogy (EEP) on self-efficacy of university students in Kenya. The study was anchored on social learning theory and role congruity theory. The research design applied in the study was cross-sectional. The target population was the fourth year entrepreneurship university students in Nairobi and Kiambu counties. Purposive sampling was used. Primary data was collected using a questionnaire. The type of data collected was quantitative and qualitative, which was analyzed through frequencies and linear regressions. The findings provided evidence that project-based learning does not have significant influence of Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy (ESE) of university students in Kenya. It was also found that the Leaning Context had more moderating effect on the ESE of female students than males. It is recommended that there is need to refocus on project-based learning approach for improved ESE of graduates. The Leaning Context should also be improved by providing the required facilities such as incubation hubs. There is need for policy intervention in redesigning the entrepreneurship curriculum to competence-based.

2021-01-01T00:00:00Z Odhiambo, Paul Karanja, John Gakuu Malot, Kenneth Wafula, Martin Mwatu, Shadrack, Muthami https://repository.kippra.or.ke/handle/123456789/3861 2022-10-12T17:08:02Z 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z

Discussion Paper No. 264 of 2021 on Assessment of Factors Influencing Participation in Domestic Trade by Female- and Male-Owned Firms in Kenya Odhiambo, Paul; Karanja, John Gakuu; Malot, Kenneth; Wafula, Martin; Mwatu, Shadrack, Muthami This paper sought to assess how firm-specific factors—size, regulatory factors— tax obligation, licensing requirements, and registration requirements, support factors—access to credit, piped water, electricity, mobile money platforms, Internet, on-job-training, road status, trade associations, and nature of trading premises, owner-specific factors—gender, and education attainment, and geographical factors—county economic blocs, influence domestic-trade participation by female-and male-owned firms in Kenya as an avenue for accelerated income generation, job creation, poverty alleviation, and economic growth and development as enshrined in the "Big Four" Agenda and the Kenya Vision 2030. Cross-sectional data obtained from the 2016 MSMEs Survey was used to undertake empirical analysis. Domestic trade participation was measured as a categorical variable identifying the main buyer of goods and services—MSMEs, non-MSMEs, government, and individual consumers. Estimation was done using multinomial logit. Gender, level of education attainment, tax obligation, licensing regulations, registration requirements, access to credit, access to mobile money platforms, nature of trading structure, on-job-training, membership to trade associations, status of roads, access to Internet and electricity, firm size, and regional county economic blocs were found to have statistically significant effect on various outcome categories of domestic trade participation. The findings point towards a need to undertake legislation to accord the regional county economic blocs legal and institutional status for ease of operationalization and administration, need to mainstream gender in domestic trade policy making and implementation with targeted incentives for women-owned firms especially in taxation, licensing, registration requirements, need to enforce legal provisions according women equal access to credit, land, and property, and fast-tracking implementation of the Land Laws (Amendment) Act, 2016 to unlock access to land property, which is an important collateral in accessing credit among women in Kenya for enhanced domestic trade participation. Reviewing the Micro and Small Enterprises Act (MSEA) 2012 to provide incentives to firms within the micro and small classification to have membership with the authority could enhance capacity building of firms while accumulating social capital,x which is important in accessing markets. Access to incubation and capacity building support for growth, specialization, and knowledge accumulation could enhance domestic trade participation.

2021-01-01T00:00:00Z Musamali, Rodgers Moyi, Eliud https://repository.kippra.or.ke/handle/123456789/3860 2022-10-12T17:07:57Z 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z

Discussion Paper No. 263 of 2020 on Gendered Effects of Government Credit Programmes on Entrepreneurship in Kenya Musamali, Rodgers; Moyi, Eliud Addressing gender-based disparity in entrepreneurship is of policy importance globally. It does not only correct a social inequality but also enhances productivity and improves development outcomes. While appreciating that women and men face different opportunities and constraints in entrepreneurship, access to finance remains a challenge, in particular where the former tend to be adversely affected. Among other attributes, Kenya women-owned establishments tend to be less productive and have higher incidences of being necessity entrepreneurship compared to men-owned ones. In recognition of existing gender gaps in entrepreneurship and finance, the Government of Kenya has established several funds as avenues for gender mainstreaming. The mandates of these funds were tailored to respond to the Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals, including but not limited to eliminating discrimination against women and girls, decent job creation, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, and encourage access to financial services. The impact of these funds in bridging gender gaps in entrepreneurship remains unexplored. The current study aims to address this literature gap by assessing the role of government funds in bridging the gender gap in entrepreneurship in Kenya. The specific objectives were to: (a) examine the role of gender in accessing government affirmative action funds; (b) determine whether government funds have any impact on entrepreneurship; and (c) determine whether gender moderates the impact of government funds on entrepreneurship. The study results indicate that access to government credit is not influenced by gender, meaning that both male- and female-owned establishments have an equal opportunity to access government credit. In addition, access to government credit fails to statistically impact on the rate of opportunity entrepreneurship but negatively impacts on the rate of necessity entrepreneurship. Access to government credit, however, strongly impacts on growth of the establishments. Male-owned establishments which access government credit have reduced chances of being necessity entrepreneurs. Contrarily, access to government credit fails to impact entrepreneurial outcomes among female-owned establishments

2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://repository.kippra.or.ke/handle/123456789/3859 2022-10-12T17:07:58Z 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z

Discussion Paper No. 262 of 2021 on Gendered Access to Energy and Water and its Implications on Well-being in Kenya Gendered access to water and energy is an important factor in determining outcomes and opportunities in households. This paper sought to measure gender differences in access to water and energy and examine how this affects wellbeing of women and men. To measure well-being, a multi-dimensional poverty index was computed with dimensions covering: standard of living, economic engagement, education and health. A logistic regression methodology was followed to predict the well-being of an individual based on gendered access to water and energy. Two separate models were tested for men and women. The results show that women’s well-being is disproportionately adversely affected by lack of access to water than men. Regarding access to energy, the time spent getting energy from a source was found to be non-significant in influencing the probability of being multi-dimensionally poor. To safeguard well-being, it is recommended to prioritize investment in interventions that will reduce the time spent by women in accessing water. There is need for gender targeting in interventions, programmes and projects geared towards enhancing access to water and energy.

2021-01-01T00:00:00Z Mwatu, Shadrack, Muthami https://repository.kippra.or.ke/handle/123456789/3858 2022-10-12T17:07:55Z 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z

Discussion Paper No. 256 of 2021 on Assessing the Effect of Kenya’s Institutional Framework on Export Trade Mwatu, Shadrack, Muthami This study sought to assess the effect of Kenya’s institutional framework in promoting export trade as a channel for long-term growth and economic development as enshrined in the Kenya Vision 2030. Panel data obtained from World Bank’s Enterprise Surveys spanning 2007, 2013, and 2018 was applied to the censored Tobit estimator. Institutional framework was measured using efficiency of the court system, access to trade finance, frequency of tax inspections, bribes during tax inspections, access to formal training programmes for permanent and full-time employees, rigidity of customs and trade regulations, internationally recognized quality certifications, informal competition, operating licenses, and business licensing and permits. Gender of the owner of the firm, managerial experience, and firm size were used as controls. Tax inspections were associated with a shrinkage in the country’s fortunes from export trade. In contrast, access to trade finance, on-the-job training of employees, internationally recognized quality certifications, and firm size were associated with growth in export trade. The findings point towards a need to enhance institutional capacity, undertake regulatory reforms in the export trade sector, invest towards a national quality infrastructure, and enhance selfregulation for export trade promotion.

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