https://repository.kippra.or.ke/handle/123456789/19 Mon, 31 Oct 2022 05:32:54 GMT 2022-10-31T05:32:54Z https://repository.kippra.or.ke/handle/123456789/2872 Working Paper No. 04 of 2001 on Education Indicators in Kenya This paper looks at the education indicators and their trends, paying special attention to variations across gender and regions. Although Kenya has made an impressive achievement in the development of education since independence in 1963 in terms of adult literacy, school enrolments, and educational facilities, the gains appear to have been eroded since 1989. The adult literacy rate in Kenya more than tripled between 1963 and 1989 -from 20 percent to 74 percent respectively. This achievement reflects Kenya's impressive effort in expanding access to education since independence, largely by establishing a comprehensive network of schools throughout the country. The gross primary enrolment rate has fallen as low as 86.9 percent in 1999 after attaining a peak of 105.4 percent in 1989. The secondary enrolment rate also declined from 29.4 percent in 1990 to 21.5 percent in 1999. There are also large regional disparities in primary school enrolment and, qy 1999, all North-eastern districts had gross enrolment rates less than 30 percent while Machakos, Embu, and Nyandarua districts enjoyed universal primary enrolment of more than 100 percent. Transition rate from primary to secondary school has been declining- an indication of increase in wastage and inefficiency in the education system. The transition rate declined from 44.60 in 1990 to 39.90 percent in 1998. Recurrent education expenditure continues to command the largest share of the total ediication budget allocation. The current allocation of resources within the education sector seem to be inappropriate and ineffective as teachers' salaries account far 95 - 97 percent of total public recurrent expenditure in the primary and secondary school levels of education, thus leaving little resources far other necessary school inputs such as learning materials and textbooks. Mon, 01 Jan 2001 00:00:00 GMT https://repository.kippra.or.ke/handle/123456789/2872 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z https://repository.kippra.or.ke/handle/123456789/2863 Working Paper No.11 of 2004 on a Review of the Health Sector in Kenya Since independence in 1963, Kenya has continued to design and implement policies aimed at promoting coverage of and access to modern healthcare in an attempt to attain the long-term objectives of health for all. On attaining independence, the Government committed itself to providing "free" health services as part of its development strategy to alleviate poverty and improve the welfare and productivity of the nation. The development and expansion of health services and facilities in tenns of spatial coverage, training of personnel, and in tertiary healthcare delivery services since independence has been commendable. Though the physical infrastructure for health provision in Kenya has expanded rapidly, distribution and coverage remains uneven especially in rural areas. Maintenance of public sector health facilities has been a big problem and a major burden for the Ministry; of Health. Healthcare policy reforms have therefore been adopted as a strategy of supplementing government budgets to revitalize healthcare delivery systems. Thu, 01 Jan 2004 00:00:00 GMT https://repository.kippra.or.ke/handle/123456789/2863 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z https://repository.kippra.or.ke/handle/123456789/2862 Working Paper No.10 of 2003 on Costs and Benefits of Eliminating Child Labour in Kenya The International Labour Organization approximates that about 250 million children worldwide are involved in child labour, with most children working under harmful conditions; that is in circumstances that are detrimental to their physical, moral, and intellectual development. In Kenya, it is estimated that 2.3 million children (29%) of the 7.9 million children aged 6-14 years in 1999 did not attend school (GoK, 2001b) while 1.2 million children in the same age group were involved in child labour. The working children are employed in the tourism and service sectors, plantations, manufacturing, domestic services and in urban informal sector occupations. They are at risk from commercial sex exploitation, hazardous chemicals, physical injuries and sexual and psycho-social abuse. The number of Nairobi's street children, for example, is more than 50,000 and these children are often involved in theft, drug trafficking, assault, trespass, and property damage (Globalmarch, 2001). The Kenya Government is committed to eliminating child labour and such commitments are stated in various Government policy documents, national legislations, international conventions protecting children, and the UN charter on the rights of children which was adopted by the UN Assembly in 1989 and to which Kenya is a signatory. Despite these committments, child labour still persists and is prevalent in the country. Various policy measures have been developed to address the problem of child labour and these recognize child labour as being particularly harmful to Kenya's long-term development and to its industrialization prospects in terms of lowered long-term productivity. The main causes of child labour in Kenya include family violence, HIV/ AIDS pandemic, a declining economy, and rapid rural-to-urban migration. Others are the declining gross primary school enrolment rate, intra-ethnic violence, cattle rustling, banditry and severe poverty in some regions of the country... Wed, 01 Jan 2003 00:00:00 GMT https://repository.kippra.or.ke/handle/123456789/2862 2003-01-01T00:00:00Z https://repository.kippra.or.ke/handle/123456789/2849 Working Paper No. 01 of 2001 on Road Infrastructure Policies in Kenya: Historical Trends and Current Challenges Development and maintenance of physical infrastructure are prerequisites for economic growth and poverty reduction, as they influence production costs, employment creation, access to markets, and investment. This paper reviews and analyses road infrastructure policies in Kenya over the post-independence period. This paper has six sections. After the introduction, it presents the theoretical and policy framework for road infrastructure, focusing on the phases of roads development, structure for roads administration and provision, basic objectives of roads policies, and strategies for sustainable transport policies. The third and fourth sections deal with the trends in and the impact of the Kenya road policy. A critique on the policy framework and conclusions are presented in the penultimate and last sections. An inventory of the Kenya road policy framework over time shows that: i) the main policy initiatives during the first post-independence decade involved provision of infrastructure by the public sector and development of rural roads using cess funds from sale of rural output ii) rural access and minor roads programmes have characterized the Kenya road policy since the second decade iii) several policy reforms for road infrastructure development typify the third and fourth decades. The landmarks in the road policy evolution of a road maintenance levy fund and axle-load limits, and moves towards increased private-sector participation in all facets of road service delivery. The impact of Kenya's road policy is demonstrated by the size of roads network, which is fairly well developed. However, the network's operating condition has suffered from inadequate maintenance, repair and rehabilitation (MR & R), and the fragmentation of the institutional framework within which it is managed... Mon, 01 Jan 2001 00:00:00 GMT https://repository.kippra.or.ke/handle/123456789/2849 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z https://repository.kippra.or.ke/handle/123456789/2848 Working Paper No. 05 of 2001 on Estimation Procedure and Estimated Results of the KIPPRA-Treasury Macro Model This Working Paper specifies and estimates the theoretical equations behind the KIPPRA-Treasury Macro Model (KTMM). The review heavily draws on previous macro models of Kenya, such as the Chakrabarti--or the macro economic policy model for Kenya, version II (MEPM)- and the medium- to long-term model, version 3 (MELT3). The two versions of each behavioural equation are estimated for prices (section 2), wage rate determination (section 3), wage employment (section 4), private investment (section 5), imports (section 6), employment in the informal sector (section 7), private consumption (section 8), export supply (section 9), money demand and interest rate (section 10) and exchange rate determination (section 11). Mon, 01 Jan 2001 00:00:00 GMT https://repository.kippra.or.ke/handle/123456789/2848 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z https://repository.kippra.or.ke/handle/123456789/2847 Working Paper No. 12 of 2005 on Kenya's Reform Experience: What Have We Learnt? Kenya has since independence from Britain in 1963 undergone a number of political and economic phases. Like most African countries, Kenya's economy in the 1960s and 1970s was characterised by controls and a protective, inward-looking trade regime. The economy achieved an outstanding economic growth in the first decade after independence-with an average real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate of 6.6 percent between 1964-73 (Government of Kenya 2002). The 1970s were, however, marked by a series of economic crises, following terms of trade shocks and fiscal indiscipline, coupled with several structural distortions. The oil crises of the 1970s compounded problems by exposing the country's vulnerability to external shocks. This was a major blow to the import-substitution industrialisation strategy. The government in response tightened the trade regime and sought financial assistance from donors. Despite deterioration in economic management by late 1970s the government was unwilling to implement market-oriented reforms.1 As the economic crisis deepened, economic liberalization became the softest option for borrowing from abroad, leading the government to reluctantly embrace reforms under Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) in the early 1980s. Little was, however, achieved until the 1990s when comprehensive reforms were implemented. This study is an attempt to document an in-depth analysis of the reform process, emphasising on the key economic reforms undertaken. The paper seeks to investigate the reform process by analysing and explaining the motivation factors for reform, the role of stakeholders, especially the donor community, political and economic constraints in the implementation process, reform outcomes, and the success and failure of various reform attempts in the 1980s and 1990s. Sat, 01 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT https://repository.kippra.or.ke/handle/123456789/2847 2005-01-01T00:00:00Z https://repository.kippra.or.ke/handle/123456789/2846 Working Paper No.13 of 2005 on Tax Reform Experience in Kenya Counties all over the world have reformed or are attempting to reform their tax systems, with the main impetus being the increasing complexity of tax codes, narrow tax bases, and concerns with horizontal equity. Kenya's attempts to reform the tax system were initiated under the Tax Modernization Programme in 1980's with an aim of raising more revenue, redistributing wealth and achieving a sustainable tax system. Major income tax reforms have mainly involved widening of tax brackets, lowering of top marginal rates and also increasing of tax relief in order to protect low-income earners from the inflation-induced creep. Rationalization of tax rates for easier administrative ease, lowering of top rates and widening of tax bases characterized indirect tax reforms. There was a deliberate policy shift towards indirect taxes given that they are more favourable to investment and growth. Trade taxes have declined in importance over time due to adherence to trade regulations under WTO and regional integration blocks. Kenya's tax reform, experience poses some challenges. Firstly, tax reforms have mainly been aimed at achieving greater simplicity and ensuring uniform tax burden across individuals with equal income, but do not consider distribution of tax burdens across the income categories. Secondly, taxation of the informal sector and agriculture still remains a major challenge. Lastly, the government's objective of achieving zero deficit still remains a challenge as evidenced by the growing level of deficit, which is a two-fold issue- revenue adequacy and public expenditure management. Sat, 01 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT https://repository.kippra.or.ke/handle/123456789/2846 2005-01-01T00:00:00Z https://repository.kippra.or.ke/handle/123456789/2845 Working Paper No.14 of 2006 on Development Finance Institutions in Kenya: Issues and Policy Concerns Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) in Kenya were set up to provide longterm finance to prioritized sectors as part of the industrialization strategy. Despite the existence of DFIs since the 1960s and 1970s, there is still a glaring development-financing gap in Kenya, thus raising concern as to how the private sector is going to expand and grow without appropriate finance to ensure long-term investment. Industrial growth cannot he achieved without long-term investment growth. The stock market as an alternative source of long-term capital is shallow and thin while the corporate bonds market is at a youthful stage of development. Deliberate efforts are therefore required to develop institutions for mobilizing long-term capital in Kenya. Various constraints have made DFIs unable to contribute significantly in meeting their responsibility in the development process. The constraints include their ownership structure, which has made the institutions susceptible to political interference in both management and investment decisions; regulatory issues, which have led to too many controls and bureaucracy; inadequate funding, especially with the withdrawal of government guarantee on loans obtained; and the downturn of the economy and unfavourable business environment, which have impacted negatively on financed projects. A number of options are suggested as a way of tackling these issues. The study proposes alternatives such as reducing government ownership to curb political interference. Various methods through which these institutions can raise funds, including floating long term bonds, floating shares, having budgetary allocations, accessing contractual savings, setting up a revolving fund, and establishment of a resources pot are also suggested. There is also need for efficient investment allocations for sustainability of DFIs. All this requires development of an appropriate policy framework to strengthen DFIs and enhance their efficiency. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 GMT https://repository.kippra.or.ke/handle/123456789/2845 2006-01-01T00:00:00Z https://repository.kippra.or.ke/handle/123456789/2843 Working Paper No. 32 of 2019 on Tracing the Path to Transformative Leadership in the Public Sector in Kenya The public sector is a benchmark in transforming leadership in the rest of the economy given its critical role in the development process. As such, the public sector reform process is crucial in improving public service delivery while cultivating leadership in the sector. Importantly, is that various factors characterize implementation of the reforms, including political will, relationship with development partners, involvement of citizenry including the private sector, and having in place a policy, legislative and regulatory framework. Further, there are guiding tenets in characterizing transformative leadership that include ethical standards, values of integrity and service, concern for the welfare of the people, statesmanship in attitude and purpose, and the ability to stimulate and inspire followers to achieve extraordinary outcomes in the process and develop their own leadership capacity (Regier, 2017). This paper traces the efforts made over time in promoting transformative leadership in the public service in Kenya. The paper looks at the policy, political and institutional environment surrounding public service delivery in Kenya in identifying factors demonstrating and promoting leadership in the public sector. It also identifies strategies used over time to nurture and strengthen transformative leadership and analyzes key indicators that point to the outcomes of the reform efforts in public sector. The key principles of transformative leadership including ethical standards, values of integrity, welfare of people, attitudinal change, and stimulating and inspiring leaders guided the discussions in the paper. Tue, 01 Jan 2019 00:00:00 GMT https://repository.kippra.or.ke/handle/123456789/2843 2019-01-01T00:00:00Z https://repository.kippra.or.ke/handle/123456789/2739 Working Paper No. 07 of 2002 on Budget Reforms and the Medium-Term Expenditure Framework in Kenya Many developing countries in Africa introduced planning systems after attaining independence but very little attention was given to budget systems as a tool for achieving plan targets. Recent recognition of the need to link budgets and plans has resulted in a wave of public expenditure management reforms. The latest effort has been the introduction of the Medium-Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) process to re-orient annual budgets to a medium-term focus. This paper reviews various budget systems and evaluates the strengths of the MTEF process and the threats to its sustained implementation in the context of a developing country like Kenya. Previous reform efforts in Kenya are reviewed and it is observed that these reforms had objectives similar to those of the MTEF approach. The Programme Review and Forward Budget, for instance, was designed to link planning and budgeting and increase efficiency of public expenditure over a three-year horizon. The paper concludes that the MTEF is a powerful tool if fully implemented and adopted as the best practice. However, the MTEF process faces similar obstacles to those that contributed to the failure of past reform initiatives. In particular, the MTEF approach and associated public service reforms require total and sustained political commitment. Tue, 01 Jan 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://repository.kippra.or.ke/handle/123456789/2739 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z