Discussion Paper No. 188 of 2017 on Social Cohesion Index for Kenya: A Methodological Note

Abstract

Social cohesion is important for sustained development and peaceful coexistence. Broadly, like glue, it binds individuals together based on trust, shared loyalties, positive relationships, solidarity and constructive interdependence. Despite the importance of social cohesion in sustainable development, there is limited empirical work on its measurement in Kenya. This study documents the methodology for measuring social cohesion in the Kenyan context. The study uses both perceptions and objective data as obtained from a 2013 national representative household survey, county level attribute data obtained from Human Development Report (2009) and various government documents. The Principal Components Analysis (PCA) technique was used in identifying the critical indicators for social cohesion. The social cohesion index measure consists of six components: identity, diversity, equity, prosperity, peace and trust. The unweighted SCI was estimated at 56.6 per cent in 2013, while the weighted index was 58.1 per cent. The national trust index stood at 43.7 per cent; the peace index 40.1 per cent; the identity index 72.7 per cent; the diversity index 88.6 per cent; the prosperity index 60.5 per cent; and the equity index was 34.6 per cent. Correlation analysis of relationship between social cohesion and selected development indicators shows that counties with low human development index, low literacy, low access to improved water, low life expectancy and high poverty head count have relatively low levels of social cohesion. To ensure social cohesion, there is need to address horizontal and vertical inequalities, including access to services and opportunities; promote social values of trust, peace and positive management of ethnic diversities in the country; investing in deepening human capabilities and education; and mitigate the risks associated with the harsh environmental conditions in arid and semi-arid lands. Finally, it is critical for the government to institutionalize annual collection of social cohesion data and information.