Policy Monitor Thinking Policy Together Issue 15, No. 3 January - March 2023 Unlocking Economic Potential of Arid and Semi-Arid Lands in Kenya Table of Contents Recent Economic Developments � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �4 Harnessing Opportunities in Tourism in ASALs: A focus on Northern Frontier Counties � � 10 Exploring Energy Transition Opportunities in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 16 Legislative Developments and Policy News � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 20 KIPPRA Collaborative Research Projects � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 26 KIPPRA Events � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 29 Editorial Team 1. John Karanja 2. James Ochieng’ 3. Rose Ngara-Muraya 4. Mohamednur Duba 5. Judith Nguli Contributors 1. Powel Murunga 2. Faith Kimaiyo 3. Caroline Ngari 4. James Ochieng’ 5. Moses Njenga 6. Anne Gitonga 7. Nahashon Mwongera 8. Humphrey Njogu 9. Brian Nyaware Design and Layout Nelig Group Limited Issue 15, No. 3, January - March 2023 2 Welcome to the KIPPRA Policy Monitor, the January-March 2023 edition. The theme of this edition is “Unlocking Economic Potential of Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs) in Kenya”. The main articles in this edition focus on the following: Recent economic developments and growth prospects; Harnessing opportunities in tourism in ASALs with a focus on Northern Frontier counties; and Exploring energy transition in ASALs. The Policy Monitor also highlights KIPPRA capacity building activities, including the KIPPRA Mentorship Programme at Dedan Kimathi University of Science and Technology, and in Maseno University; the Public Policy Making Process for Eswatini Economic Policy Analysis and Research Centre Staff; and the Cross Economy Analysis for Counties and state corporation staff. On engagement and networking, the Policy Monitor covers the collaborative launch of the Foresight Africa and the Urban Area Study on Nairobi and the Brookings Institution; a validation workshop for KIPPRA flagship report, the Kenya Economic Report; the 2nd Youth in Climate Action Symposium; and UNU-WIDER Webinar on the potential of domestic savings in the Global South. In partnerships, KIPPRA saw visits by officers from National Management College of Pakistan, and Chicago Institute of Health Research and Policy. Further, the Institute signed an MOU with the Association of Professional Societies in East Africa (APSEA). KIPPRA Senior Management also held a meeting with the Principal Secretary, Economic Planning. Finally, the Policy Monitor highlights upcoming KIPPRA events, including the 4th Kenya Think Tanks Symposium, and the 6th KIPPRA Annual Regional Conference. We hope you enjoy reading this edition. 3 Issue 15, No. 3, January - March 2023 Recent Economic 1 DevelopmentsFaith Kimaiyo, Caroline Ngari, Powel Murunga, and James Ochieng’ Monetary and Financial Policy Introduction This article analyzes the country’s recent economic compared to 810.9 million litres produced in 2021. Further, developments with a key focus on four key areas: growth the volume of tea produced declined to 535,000 metric of economic activities, monetary and financial policy, fiscal tonnes compared to 537,800 metric tonnes recorded in developments, and the external sector. 2021. Despite the drought, the total sugarcane production expanded by 11.5 per cent from 7.8 million metric tonnes Growth of Economic Activity in 2021 to 8.7 million tonnes in 2022. In addition, coffee Kenya’s economy exhibited resilience in 2022, with a production rose greatly to 51,900 metric tonnes in 2022 from sustained growth momentum in the post-pandemic 34,500 metric tonnes in 2021 due to good weather in coffee recovery period. However, the economy grew by 4.8 per growing zones and crop husbandry. cent in 2022 compared to 7.6 per cent in 2021. The 2022 Inflation growth is mainly attributed to notable growth in sectors such as accommodation and food services sector (26.2%), Kenya’s inflation averaged 9.1 per cent in the first quarter education sector (4.8%), wholesale and retail trade (3.8%), of 2023 compared to 5.4 per cent in a similar period in 2022, administrative and support services activities (18.1%), mainly due to inter-alia, high food and energy prices. On transport and storage sector (5.6%), construction sector average, food prices in the first quarter of 2023 averaged 13.2 (4.1%), real estate (4.5%) and financial and insurance sector per cent compared to 9.2 per cent in the same period of 2022. (12.8%). This was largely driven by an increase in prices of maize and The agriculture sector registered a 1.6 per cent contraction milk products. Additionally, prices of edible oils and wheat in 2022 compared a 0.4 per cent contraction in 2021. products increased due to increased global commodity However, the sector remained the dominant sector in the prices following the disruption of international supply chains country, accounting for 21.2 per cent of the overall GDP. caused by the Russia-Ukraine war. Fuel inflation stood at The contracted growth was mainly due to prolonged severe 13.7 per cent in the first quarter of 2023 compared to 6.8 per drought. For example, maize production declined to 34.3 cent in the same quarter of the preceding year, especially million bags in 2022 from 36.7 million bags produced in because of the scaling down of the fuel subsidy and increase 2021, while marketed milk declined to 754.4 million litres in electricity tariffs. Issue 15, No. 3, January - March 2023 4 Figure 1: Inflation rates, January 2022-March 2023 Data source: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) Overall inflation is expected to decline in the near term, supported by the recently announced Government measures to allow duty-free imports of key food items, particularly maize, rice, and sugar. Monetary and Financial Policy The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) met on 29th March was on account of challenges faced by businesses, such as 2023 and discussed the current global uncertainties, slowdown in economic growth, increased inflation, high weak growth outlook, geopolitical tensions, and easing interest rates, and currency fluctuations. Increases in NPLs inflationary pressures. They acknowledged the sustained were recorded in four sectors: manufacturing (Ksh 25.6 inflationary pressures and potential impact of global risks billion), trade (Ksh 12.4 billion), real estate (Ksh 11.2 billion), on the domestic economy. Therefore, the MPC decided to and building and construction (Ksh 9.8 billion). tighten monetary policy by raising the Central Bank Rate Liquidity in the banking sector decreased marginally from (CBR) from 8.75 per cent to 9.50 per cent to anchor inflation 56.2 per cent in February 2022 to 50.6 per cent in February expectations. 2023. This was well above the minimum statutory ratio of 20 per cent. The total liquidity ratio increased to 50.7 per The average interbank rate was at 6.49 per cent in the cent in January 2023 compared to 56.7 per cent in the same quarter under review compared to 4.61 per cent in the period in 2022. The total capital adequacy ratio stood at 19.0 corresponding quarter of 2022. The increase in the interbank per cent in December 2022, declining from 19.6 per cent in rate reflects decreased demand for credit in the economy the same period in 2021. The total capital adequacy ratio was as businesses continue to recover from the effects of above the statutory requirement of at least 14.5 per cent. the COVID-19 pandemic. Similarly, yields on government The strong capital adequacy ratio was supported by a faster securities increased, averaging 10.1, 10.4 and 10.9 per cent growth in total capital relative to total risk-weighted assets. for the 91-day, 182-day and 364-day treasury bill, respectively, Repayments and recoveries were noted in the trade, tourism, for the first quarter of 2023 compared to 7.3, 8.1 and 9.6 per restaurant and hotels, transport and communication, and cent in the first quarter of 2022. manufacturing sectors. Banks made adequate provisions for the NPLs. The banking sector remains stable and resilient, with strong The banking sector registered a strong performance in liquidity and capital adequacy ratios. The asset quality, the year start of 2023, with the asset base increasing by measured by the ratio of gross non-performing loans (NPLs) 9.6 per cent from Ksh 6,064.9 million at February of 2022 to gross loans, remained constant at 14.0 per cent in February to Ksh 6,649.4 million in February 2023. The performance 2023, same as the 14.0 per cent reported in February 2022. was supported by banks reviewing their business models, Nonetheless, the volume of NPLs increased marginally leveraging technology and innovation, enhanced capital from Ksh 436.1 billion in February 2022 to Ksh 466.7 billion and liquidity buffers, and a continued focus on customer- in February 2023. The slight increase in the volume of NPLs centricity. 5 Issue 15, No. 3, January - March 2023 Figure 2: Credit to the private sector and government Table 2: Exchequer Issues for the third quarter of 2021/2022 and 2022/2023 (Ksh million) 2022 2023 2022 2023 Exchequer Issues Estimate Actual Estimate Actual Level of Level of Performance (%) Performance (%) MDAs (Recurrent) 1,179,425 799,037 1,265,970 814,713 32.25 35.65 CFS 1,309,468 838,390 1,552,942 886,466 35.97 42.92 MDAs (Development) 420,878 221,357 393,813 174,789 47.41 55.62 National Issues 2,909,772 1,858,783 3,212,724 1,875,967 36.12 41.61 County Issues 370,000 216,320 399,600 212,750 41.54 46.76 Total 6,189,543 3,933,885 6,825,048 3,964,685 36.44 41.91 Data source: Central Bank of Kenya Growth in private sector credit stood at 11.7 per cent in Figure 3: Revenue performance in the third quarter February 2023 compared to 9.1 per cent in February 2022. (Jan-March) of 2021/22 and 2022/23 This increased performance reflects growth in credit to the private sector at Ksh 3,491.2 billion in February 2023 compared to Ksh 3,126.0 billion in February 2022. Strong credit growth was observed in the following sectors: Manufacturing (15.2%), transport and communication (16.5%), trade (11.8%), mining and quarrying (97.7%), and finance and insurance (21.1%) as shown in Figure 2b. The number of loan applications and approvals increased, reflecting improved demand with increased economic activities. Growth in credit to government declined from 27.5 per cent in February 2022 to 15.3 per cent in February 2023. The percentage share of domestic credit to government increased slightly from 35.64 per cent in February 2022 to 36.45 per cent in February 2023, reflecting a marginal increase in credit to government from Ksh 1,770.9 billion in February 2022 to Ksh 2,050.0 billion in February 2023. This reveals the relative importance of domestic borrowing in financing the government budget deficits. Fiscal Developments The economy recorded a strong revenue performance within the third quarter year of 2022/2023. By the end of February 2023, the actual revenue collected grew by 9.7 per cent from the same period in 2021/2022. Total revenue collected by end of February 2023 amounted to Ksh 1,464.04 billion compared to Ksh 1,321.81 billion collected in February 2022. The strong revenue performance was largely due to enforcement of tax policy measures and enhanced revenue administration by the Kenya Revenue Authority. Import duty and income tax revenue grew by 18 per cent and 12 per cent, respectively. VAT and Exercise Duty revenues also registered strong performance, growing by 5 per cent and 6 per cent, respectively (Figure 3). Data source: National Treasury Issue 15, No. 3, January - March 2023 6 The total exchequer issues for the third quarter of year County issues recorded a decrease of 2.7 per cent while MDAs ending June 2023 were Ksh 3,964,685 million (Table 2). development decreased by 21 per cent. The unfavourable This was a slight increase by 0.7 per cent in comparison macroeconomic environment shifted the government to the same period in the last fiscal year. This increase in priorities from financing development expenditure to exchequer issues was driven by an increase in cash issued to funding recurrent bills. Exchequer issues to the National the Consolidated Fund Services (CFS), MDAs recurrent and government formed 47.3 per cent of the total issues while national issues by 5.7, 2.0 and 0.92 per cent, respectively. counties received 5.4 per cent of the total cash issues. Table 2: Exchequer Issues for the third quarter of 2021/2022 and 2022/2023 (Ksh million) 2022 2023 2022 2023 Exchequer Issues Estimate Actual Estimate Actual Level of Level of Performance (%) Performance (%) MDAs (Recurrent) 1,179,425 799,037 1,265,970 814,713 32.25 35.65 CFS 1,309,468 838,390 1,552,942 886,466 35.97 42.92 MDAs (Development) 420,878 221,357 393,813 174,789 47.41 55.62 National Issues 2,909,772 1,858,783 3,212,724 1,875,967 36.12 41.61 County Issues 370,000 216,320 399,600 212,750 41.54 46.76 Total 6,189,543 3,933,885 6,825,048 3,964,685 36.44 41.91 Data source: Kenya Gazette The total expenditure in the first 8 months of 2022/23 grew by 3 per cent, amounting to Ksh 1,817.18 billion compared to Ksh 1,769.42 billion in the same period in 2021/22. Total recurrent expenditure increased by 8 per cent for the period under review (Figure 4). Recurrent expenditure for foreign interest, salaries and wages increased by 22 per cent and 2 per cent, respectively. Development expenditure and County Governments’ transfers declined by 13 per cent and 5 per cent, respectively. Financial constraints and delays in the exchequer release contributed to this decline. igure 4: Expenditure performance (Ksh billion) Data source: National Treasury The overall public debt grew by 12.0 per cent, from Ksh 8.4 trillion in March 2022 to Ksh 9.4 trillion in March 2023. Domestic debt and external debt stock was Ksh 4.5 trillion and 4.9 trillion, accounting for 48 and 52 per cent of total debt stock, respectively. The increase in debt stock was mainly driven by the increase in treasury bonds, growth in external loan disbursements and depreciation of the Kenyan Shilling against the US dollar and other currencies. . External Sector Developments The Kenyan shilling depreciated against the US$ and Euro in first quarter of 2023, exchanging at an average of Ksh 126.2 against the US$ and at an average of Ksh 134.7 against the Euro compared to Ksh 113.8 and Ksh 127.8 against the US$ and Data source: National Treasury Euro, respectively, in a similar quarter of 2022. In February and March 2023, the Kenya shilling depreciated further against the US$ exchanging at an average of Ksh 125.45 and Ksh 129.74, respectively. The depreciation of the Kenyan shilling against the US$ has to a large extent been due to an increase 7 Issue 15, No. 3, January - March 2023 in demand for foreign currency, which was largely amplified period, the Kenyan shilling strengthened marginally against by strong import demand. The depreciation further poses the sterling pound, exchanging at an average of Ksh 152.5 in challenges to the payment and servicing of external debt, the first quarter of 2023 compared to an averaged Ksh 152.7 which is largely dominated by the US dollar. In the same in the same quarter of 2022. Figure 5: Exchange rate, Jan 2020-March 2023 Data source: Central Bank of Kenya Foreign reserves averaged US$ 6,944 million (3.9 months (5.0 months of import cover). The amount of foreign of import cover) in the first quarter of 2023 (Figure 6). The reserves declined further in March 2023 to US$ 6,541 million value represents a decline in exchange reserves compared (3.7 months of import cover), bringing them to below the to the same period in 2022, which was US$ 8,227.5 million requirement to maintain at least 4 months of import cover. Figure 6: Foreign exchange reserves, Jan 2020-March 2023 Data source: Central Bank of Kenya Issue 15, No. 3, January - March 2023 8 The value of total exports remained strong, increasing to Additionally, total imports decreased in February 2023 to Ksh 76.7 billion in February 2023 compared to Ksh 70.3 billion Ksh 175.3 billion from Ksh 183.8 billion in February 2022. The in the same period in 2022. The improvement in the value import by broad economic category indicates that non-food of exports was on account of exports of fresh horticulture industrial supplies make up the main import category in produce, coffee and tea. The value of tea exports greatly February 2023, recording the highest shares at 34.1 per cent improved to Ksh 13.5 billion in February 2023 from Ksh of all imports. Additionally, food and beverages, machinery 13.3 billion in February 2022. However, the value of coffee and other capital equipment, fuel and lubricants and exported declined to Ksh 2.5 billion from Ksh 3.7 billion transport accounted for 10.2 per cent, 10.9 per cent, 29.4 per exported in February 2022. This was largely explained by a cent and 7.8per cent, respectively. decline in coffee prices from Ksh 729.7 per kg in February 2022 to Ksh 626.9 per kg in February 2023. Figure 7: Diaspora remittances, Jan 2020-March 2023 Data source: Central Bank of Kenya Total diaspora remittances in the first quarter of 2023 dropped The developments in exports, imports, and remittances in to US$ 1,015.5 million compared to US$ 1,023.8 million in the January 2023 resulted in a reduction of the current account same period in 2022. In the first quarter of 2023, the highest balance. The current account deficit narrowed to US$ 5,412.2 percentage of total remittances received were from North million in January 2023 compared to a deficit of US$ 6,258.6 America at 60.4 per cent followed by the rest of the world million in the same period in 2022 (Figure 7). The current at 21.6 per cent and Europe at 18.0 per cent. However, account deficit was estimated at 4.9 per cent of GDP in 2022 remittances from North America and Europe contracted by and is estimated at 5.4 per cent of GDP in 2023. 1.2 and 2.8 per cent, respectively, while remittances from the rest of the world grew by 2.0 per cent in the first quarter of 2023. Figure 8: Current account balance (US$ millions), January 2020-March 2023 Data source: Central Bank of Kenya 9 Issue 15, No. 3, January - March 2023 population of Grevy’s zebra (Equus grevyi). The Maasai Mara Harnessing Opportunities in in Narok County is host to the great wildebeest migration, rendering it a major tourist destination. Nakuru County, also Tourism in ASALs: A focus on a major tourist destination, is host to a large proportion of 2 conservancies. Northern Frontier Counties In the northern frontier counties, the Lamu-Lower Garissa Anne Gitonga, Githinji Njenga and Nahashon Mwongera ecosystem hosts a wide variety of biological resources. It is home to Cape buffalo, Topi, reticulated giraffes, common zebra, among other wildlife resources. Wildlife in this region benefits from the pastoral nature of communities, which establishes vast land for grazing. The region is, however, also faced with challenges because of increased human and livestock populations leading to human wildlife conflicts; effects of climate change; and insecurity that predisposes wildlife to poaching. The country’s protected areas as defined by Wildlife Conservation and Management Act (2013) WCMA 2013 comprise of 23 terrestrial national parks, 29 terrestrial Table 1: National Parks/National Reserves in Kenya’s northern frontier counties County National Parks/ National Reserves Other Tourist Attractions West Pokot Nasolot Game reserve Kapenguria Museum; Mount Mtelo; Cherangani Hills; Turkwel Dam; Nasolot Hill; Tartar Falls; Marich Pass Background (escarpment); Kopoch Hills The tourism sector is a major source of income and in Nairobi and the coastal area, which account for 57.8 Samburu Samburu National Reserve; Shaba National Kalama Conservancy; Reteti Elephant Sanctuary; Sera Rhino employment in Kenya’s economy, accounting for 10.4 per per cent of the beds available. The higher rate of hotel Game Reserve Sanctuary; Maralal National Sanctuary; Ndoto Mountains; cent of Kenya’s GDP, and 5.5 per cent of formal employment. accommodation in Nairobi and coastal areas is based on Loroghi Hills; Kirisia Forest; Maralal International Camel The sector has multiplier effects in trade, agriculture, demand associated with a higher number of tourists and Derby construction, manufacturing and transport, among others. locals visiting the respective counties for holidays, business Isiolo Bisanadi National Reserve, Shaba National - In 2022, the sector recorded 1,483,752 international arrivals meetings and conferences. Reserve, Buffalo Springs National Reserve and Ksh 268.09 billion in inbound tourist receipts, which was a 70.45 per cent and 83.00 per cent increase over the The key tourism product in Kenya’s ASALs, including Mandera Malka Mari National Park Mandera County Museum previous year, respectively, depicting an ongoing recovery northern frontier counties, is wildlife. The key tourism Tana River Kora National Park; Tana River Primate Tana River Delta Ramsar Site; Tana Delta Dunes; Hola from the pandemic-related slump witnessed in years 2020- products in these counties, therefore, include African National Reserve Monument 2021. The arrivals in 2019 reached 2 million and receipts of Safari and wildlife watching, nature and scenic, culture and Marsabit Marsabit National Park and Reserve; Sibiloi Desert Museum Loiyangalani; Koobi Fora Museum (Cradle Ksh 163.56 billion. Kenya has various tourism attractions in heritage. ASALs have a wealth of natural resources and National Park, South Island National Park; of Mankind); Mount Marsabit; Loiyangalani Rock Arts; El various segments, including beach and marine, African Safari biodiversity, including livestock, wildlife, birds and forests. Losai National Reserve Molo Villages and Shrines; Mount Kulal; Kalacha Camp; and wildlife, nature and scenic, culture and heritage, and Kenya’s wildlife is in fact ranked highly in terms of richness, Chalbi desert; Mount Ololokwe; Mount Poi; Lake Turkana; conference and business. About 1.49 per cent of the labour diversity, and endemism. The National Policy for Sustainable Lake Turkana Wind Power site force is engaged in hotel accommodation services and 0.26 Development of Northern Kenya and other Arid Plans per cent in arts, entertainment, and recreational services. (ASAL policy) estimates that ASALs are host to 90 per cent Garissa Arawale National Researve; Boni National Garissa Community Giraffe Sanctuary In terms of the purpose of visit, in 2022, 36.63 per cent of of wildlife. Kenya’s ASALs also host most of the protected Reserve; Rahole National Reserve tourists came for holiday, visiting family and friends (27.85%), areas in form of national reserves and national parks and Turkana South Turkana Game Reserve, Central Island Lake Turkana; Eliye Springs Beaches; Ferguson Gulf; Lokori business and meetings (27.24%), transit (5.01%), education have a lion’s share of Kenya’s forest cover. These protected National Park and Lotikipi National Game Standing Stones; Nariokotome Turkana Boy Monument (1.44%), religious reasons (0.85%), medical (0.77%) and sports areas are managed by Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), Kenya Reserve (prehistoric site); Kapedo Hot Waterfalls; Lobolo Swamp; (0.22%). The most preferred destination by tourists is coastal Forest Service (KFS), County Governments or communities Kalokol Standing Stones (archaeological site); Kenyatta beach accounting for 39.4 per cent of hotel bed nights and the private sector as conservancies. It is of policy House - Lodwar occupancy as of 2021. In the same period, game lodges importance to establish how these counties with most of the Lamu Kuinga Marine National reserve; Dodori Lamu Museum; Lamu Fort; Takwa Ruins; The Swahili House and Nairobi accounted for 27.5 per cent and 7.9 per cent, country’s natural resources and wildlife, a key tourism asset, National Reserve; Museum; Manda Toto (island); Pate Island; The Fort of respectively. Domestic tourism accounts for 68.7 per cent in accounting for a paltry 3.3 per cent of tourist hotels and less Shela; German Post Office Museum; Beach tourism; water terms of hotel bed nights. than 20 per cent of revenue from park revenue can enhance sports; Lamu cultural festival their tourism opportunities. Wajir Wildlife; Wajir museum; Wagalla Massacre Site; Orpahey Statistics reveal that counties in the arid and semi-arid lands Wildlife Wells, British and Italian War Bunkers; Lake Yahud; Old (ASALs) in the northern frontier of Kenya, though rich in courthouse scenic and cultural heritage tourism attractions, record the As established in the National Wildlife Census (2021), various lowest inbound visitor numbers annually. Northern Kenya ASAL counties are host to a diversity of Kenya’s wildlife. The has a hotel accommodation occupancy rate of 11 per cent. The Laikipia-Samburu-Marsabit- Meru Ecosystem, for instance, hotel bed availability is in effect also the lowest, accounting has among the largest population of elephants in Kenya. for 3.3 per cent. Most Kenya’s hotel accommodation is Laikipia and Samburu account for 93 per cent of global Issue 15, No. 3, January - March 2023 10 population of Grevy’s zebra (Equus grevyi). The Maasai Mara national reserves, 4 marine national parks and 6 marine in Narok County is host to the great wildebeest migration, national reserves. Of the terrestrial national parks, 17 (78%) rendering it a major tourist destination. Nakuru County, also are in ASALs and 6 within three of the northern frontier a major tourist destination, is host to a large proportion of counties; Mandera, Turkana, Marsabit and Tana River. conservancies. Majority (93%) of terrestrial national reserves are in ASAL counties, of which half are in northern frontier counties. Wajir In the northern frontier counties, the Lamu-Lower Garissa County is the only county that does not have any protected ecosystem hosts a wide variety of biological resources. It area for game parks and reserves despite the presence of is home to Cape buffalo, Topi, reticulated giraffes, common wild animals such as grant gazelle, reticulated giraffes, oryx zebra, among other wildlife resources. Wildlife in this region and Ostrich. The national marine parks and national reserves benefits from the pastoral nature of communities, which are in the coastal counties of Lamu, Kilifi, Mombasa and establishes vast land for grazing. The region is, however, Kwale. The protected area as provided in WCMA (refers to also faced with challenges because of increased human and a geographical area often established through a legal notice livestock populations leading to human wildlife conflicts; or other legal or effective means, to achieve long- term effects of climate change; and insecurity that predisposes conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services wildlife to poaching. and cultural values). The country’s protected areas as defined by Wildlife ASAL counties host 17 terrestrial national parks, 25 terrestrial Conservation and Management Act (2013) WCMA 2013 national reserves, 3 marine national parks 5 marine national comprise of 23 terrestrial national parks, 29 terrestrial reserves and numerous other tourist attraction sites. Table 1: National Parks/National Reserves in Kenya’s northern frontier counties County National Parks/ National Reserves Other Tourist Attractions West Pokot Nasolot Game reserve Kapenguria Museum; Mount Mtelo; Cherangani Hills; Turkwel Dam; Nasolot Hill; Tartar Falls; Marich Pass (escarpment); Kopoch Hills Samburu Samburu National Reserve; Shaba National Kalama Conservancy; Reteti Elephant Sanctuary; Sera Rhino Game Reserve Sanctuary; Maralal National Sanctuary; Ndoto Mountains; Loroghi Hills; Kirisia Forest; Maralal International Camel Derby Isiolo Bisanadi National Reserve, Shaba National - Reserve, Buffalo Springs National Reserve Mandera Malka Mari National Park Mandera County Museum Tana River Kora National Park; Tana River Primate Tana River Delta Ramsar Site; Tana Delta Dunes; Hola National Reserve Monument Marsabit Marsabit National Park and Reserve; Sibiloi Desert Museum Loiyangalani; Koobi Fora Museum (Cradle National Park, South Island National Park; of Mankind); Mount Marsabit; Loiyangalani Rock Arts; El Losai National Reserve Molo Villages and Shrines; Mount Kulal; Kalacha Camp; Chalbi desert; Mount Ololokwe; Mount Poi; Lake Turkana; Lake Turkana Wind Power site Garissa Arawale National Researve; Boni National Garissa Community Giraffe Sanctuary Reserve; Rahole National Reserve Turkana South Turkana Game Reserve, Central Island Lake Turkana; Eliye Springs Beaches; Ferguson Gulf; Lokori National Park and Lotikipi National Game Standing Stones; Nariokotome Turkana Boy Monument Reserve (prehistoric site); Kapedo Hot Waterfalls; Lobolo Swamp; Kalokol Standing Stones (archaeological site); Kenyatta House - Lodwar Lamu Kuinga Marine National reserve; Dodori Lamu Museum; Lamu Fort; Takwa Ruins; The Swahili House National Reserve; Museum; Manda Toto (island); Pate Island; The Fort of Shela; German Post Office Museum; Beach tourism; water sports; Lamu cultural festival Wajir Wildlife; Wajir museum; Wagalla Massacre Site; Orpahey Wells, British and Italian War Bunkers; Lake Yahud; Old courthouse Data source for National Parks and Game Reserves: KWS 11 Issue 15, No. 3, January - March 2023 Within the northern ASAL counties, according to the National Eighty (80) per cent of park revenue is derived from five Valley, with attractions such as Suguta Valley said to be the Wildlife Conservation Status Report (2017), only four parks/ national parks in Kenya, none of which are in ASAL counties. most remote, driest and hottest part of Kenya. reserves have accommodation in form of lodges or tented Wildlife tourism in Kenya is therefore concentrated in these camps and one with campsite. These are Samburu National parks. Consequently, several National Reserves including Reserve, Marsabit National Park, Sibiloi National Park and Nasolot in West Pokot, Arawale and Boni in Garissa, Losai Shimba Hills. The campsite is in South Island National Park. in Marsabit and Tana River Primate in Tana River County do Most of the frontier counties, except for Mandera, Wajir not have a tourist revenue gate. Furthermore, only 7 parks and Garissa, have conservancies. Community conservancies including Maasai Mara, Nakuru and Amboseli (accounting play an additional role in supporting local homesteads by for more than 80% of the total number of visitors) are fully providing direct employment and providing hotel facilities; accessible to tourists. There is an opportunity to develop however, very few conservatives have hotel facilities. and add value to the other parks with modern facilities and infrastructure. In addition, there is an opportunity to invest There are 7 tourism circuits in Kenya, which tourists can visit in tourism circuits that lack accommodation facilities to for amazing Kenya safari experiences, namely the western enable tourists to visit and enjoy their stay in various parts Kenya circuit, Coastal circuit, southern circuit, north rift of the country. circuit, south rift circuit, eastern circuit and Nairobi circuit. Of the seven, five cover the ASAL counties. There is limited community awareness of provisions of legal statutes such as the WCMA 2013 or the benefits of Interestingly, the longest river in Kenya, Tana River and the Most protected areas, especially conservancies, lack wildlife, which has led to encroachment of protected areas largest permanent desert lake in the world, Lake Turkana, a comprehensive management plan. The WCMA 2013 and poaching. Among the documented threats to Kenya’s which is also the largest alkaline lake in the world, are in provides for the establishment of management plans for wildlife is poaching. Poaching has led to decline in wildlife northern frontier ASAL counties. Additionally, Lake Baringo, the country’s national parks, marine protected areas, and populations in Kenya, such as elephants, due to the demand which is part of Kenya’s lake system in the Great Rift Valley wildlife conservancies. Plan managements if well designed for ivory and rhinos for their horn. Enhanced awareness and and a freshwater lake, is host to diverse bird species, provide for zoning or breaking down of the protected governance can therefore assist combat poaching. including flamingos and geothermal activity in the form of areas for different purposes. A critical one that should be hot springs and geysers. established is tourism use. A good proportion of the national Wildlife resources are challenged by drought, receding parks and most community conservancies do not provide water levels, less productive pastures and the spread Despite the diversity of natural resources, climate change hotel facilities. The lack of management plans also impedes of invasive species and diseases and other effects of has had adverse effects on biodiversity, including bird and effective planning and resource allocation by the National climate change, leading to the death of wildlife. ASALs are other species populations and migration patterns, land and County governments. The government, as established particularly affected due to erratic rainfall. Wildlife faces degradation and in the extreme, biodiversity loss. The in the WCMA 2013, recognizes the role of communities in further challenges, including encroachment due to human country’s rich and diverse flora and fauna are also vulnerable conservation of wildlife. This enhances conservation of settlements and infrastructure development and poaching. mainly due to anthropogenic factors. forests, natural waterbodies, and other natural habitats. The registration of all conservancies is yet to be done, given Nature and Scenic Culture and Heritage the regulations that are envisaged to help govern wildlife ASALs have diverse ecosystems including mountains, hills, The northern frontier counties, like other counties, have conservancies are yet to be gazetted. escarpments, forest cover and natural water sources that a rich cultural heritage, which is often promoted through provide environmental, economic, social, and cultural cultural festivals. The Annual Lamu Cultural Festival, for benefits. KFS, KWS and National Museums of Kenya (NMK) instance, has been successfully convened for over the last are key agencies in the conservation and management of twenty years; Lamu County is also host to Maulidi Cultural forest resources. A review of the forest areas managed Festival. Turkana County has conducted the annual Tourism as public forests as at December 2017 reveals that 66 per and Cultural Festival (Tobong’u Lore) for four consecutive cent of the total area of public forests is found within the years; Marsabit has been host to the Marsabit Lake Turkana northern frontier counties of Turkana, Garissa, Tana River, Cultural Festival, Loiyangalani cultural museum festival and Samburu and West Pokot. Northern frontier counties are Kalacha festival. West Pokot County holds a Pokot Cultural further dominated by arid desert; Chalbi Desert in Marsabit Week annually, Samburu County as an annual Camel derby. County is one of the most known deserts in Kenya. Marsabit These festivals have been a tourist attraction to the counties. County in the 2018-2022 CIDP acknowledges the potential of enhancing tourism in the desert by way of camel derby, camel caravans and Lake tourism, given the long open shoreline and pristine beaches of Lake Turkana. Mountain and valley ecosystems are also part of northern frontier counties. There are mountains such as Namarunu in Turkana County, Mount Ng’iro Forest in Samburu County, Mount Marsabit in Marsabit County and Mount Korosi in Baringo County. Cherangani Hills in West Pokot is a rich source of flora and fauna and scenic elements such as viewpoints, cliffs, ridges and rocky gorges. It is further an important water catchment for the region. West Pokot is also home to Mount Mtelo (Sekerr), the fifth highest mountain in Kenya. The region, specifically, Samburu, Turkana and Baringo county is host to the northern parts of the Great Rift Issue 15, No. 3, January - March 2023 12 Valley, with attractions such as Suguta Valley said to be the ASAL counties are also hosts to various cultural and heritage most remote, driest and hottest part of Kenya. artifacts. Koobi Fora, in Marsabit County, for instance, is one of the world’s leading pre-historic sites on the evolution of humankind; often referred to as the cradle of mankind. Koobi Fora is within the Lake Turkana National Parks, which are among the seven UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Kenya. Further testament to the evolution of humankind in Turkana County, the oldest-ever traced stone tools with an estimated age of 3.5 million years is among the county’s archaeological discovery. The National Museums of Kenya (NMK) lists 23 museums around the country, 14 of which are in ASAL counties, of which 4 are in northern frontier counties. These include Kapenguria Museum in West Pokot; Loiyangalani Museum/Desert Museum in Marsabit; Wajir Museum and Garissa Museum. Kapenguira Museum has the highest number of visitors registered in 2021 among the four. This is the top museum among those located in ASALs. Interestingly, the longest river in Kenya, Tana River and the largest permanent desert lake in the world, Lake Turkana, Despite the rich culture within the different counties, cultural which is also the largest alkaline lake in the world, are in tourism activities and facilities as cultural centres are still northern frontier ASAL counties. Additionally, Lake Baringo, limited. Tourism products in the desert environments are which is part of Kenya’s lake system in the Great Rift Valley also under-developed in the ASALs. Further, there is limited and a freshwater lake, is host to diverse bird species, information particularly in a centralized credible information including flamingos and geothermal activity in the form of system on natural, science and cultural sites or activities in hot springs and geysers. various counties in Kenya. Despite the diversity of natural resources, climate change Policy Actions and Gaps has had adverse effects on biodiversity, including bird and The Constitution empowers the National Government with other species populations and migration patterns, land the role of tourism policy and development, with the County degradation and in the extreme, biodiversity loss. The government’s role being development and regulation country’s rich and diverse flora and fauna are also vulnerable of local tourism. Sessional Paper No. 8 of 1969 was the mainly due to anthropogenic factors. first national tourism policy. Subsequent national policies have articulated the development of tourism in the ASAL Culture and Heritage areas. The Economic Recovery Strategy for Wealth and The northern frontier counties, like other counties, have Employment (ERSWEC 2003-2007) recognizes the potential a rich cultural heritage, which is often promoted through of tourism growth in ASAL areas, citing little involvement of cultural festivals. The Annual Lamu Cultural Festival, for local communities, lack of adequate motivation to conserve instance, has been successfully convened for over the last natural resources in the areas and human-wildlife conflict as twenty years; Lamu County is also host to Maulidi Cultural problems hindering the growth of tourism. The proposed Festival. Turkana County has conducted the annual Tourism interventions include allocating a large portion of the and Cultural Festival (Tobong’u Lore) for four consecutive revenue generated from game reserves and national parks years; Marsabit has been host to the Marsabit Lake Turkana to community projects, strengthening community-based Cultural Festival, Loiyangalani cultural museum festival and wildlife conservation and other approaches through which Kalacha festival. West Pokot County holds a Pokot Cultural wildlife can benefit local people directly to motivate them Week annually, Samburu County as an annual Camel derby. to conserve and accommodate wildlife, and supporting the These festivals have been a tourist attraction to the counties. development of eco-tourism activities. The ERSWEC did not, however, identify the specific tourism activities to be developed in the ASALs. The Kenya Vision 2030 in its Medium Term plans I, II and III envisions Kenya to be a top 10 long-haul tourist destination offering a high-end, diverse, and distinctive visitor experience. The MTP I (2008-2012) indicates the need to develop niche products, including cultural tourism, which is rich in the ASALs. The intervention to achieve this includes deliberate efforts to promote authentic cultural experiences and launch high value cultural projects and festivals. Further, development of cultural homes (homestay) in each community was to be done to provide tourists with a cultural experience and benefiting the communities at the same time. A Cultural and Heritage Tourism Strategy has been developed. The MTP II (2013-2017) indicated that County 13 Issue 15, No. 3, January - March 2023 Governments will provide incentives for community-based on tourism product development and promotion proposed enterprise investors to engage in home-stay development. in the plan is yet to be put in place. The guidelines for investment in home-stay tourism have been developed by the Tourism Regulatory Authority. The National Tourism Blueprint 2030, which is a tourism strategy intended to identify critical drivers and enablers The Cradle of Mankind Tourist Circuit incorporates Sibilo of tourism growth, was developed during the MTP II. The National Park, Central Island National Park and Southern strategy provides a practical implementation plan towards Island Park around Lake Turkana region to promote the the achievement of the country’s overarching tourism and niche product. The broad objective of the Eden Cradle of economic goals. In the strategy, desert safaris in northern Humankind project is to position the Lake Turkana Basin Kenya, which is mostly ASALs is identified as a new market as the renowned place for human origins internationally segment which requires exploration. There is need for while opening the area for economic growth and poverty research on how to brand this product. The safaris, according alleviation for local communities. The project as indicated in to the strategy, need to be complemented with lakeside MTP II (2013-2017) is to be implemented in two phases; the resorts such the one for Lake Turkana, cradle of mankind, first phase is a premier Science Park forming the core of the and nature activities such as walking trials, glass bottom story of human origins in the area; while the second phase boat rides, birding and fishing around Lake Turkana. will involve the development of camp sites at the actual location where Kenya’s most famous collections have been The Sessional Paper No. 1 of 2020 on Wildlife Policy was also found on both the eastern and western sides of the lake. completed during MTP III (2018-2022). The policy recognizes human-wildlife conflict as a major problem in wildlife areas Also earmarked in MTP I was development of the Lake due to climate variability and change and increased human Turkana resort city as a flagship project. Land for the resort activity in areas originally preserved for wildlife. The policy city has been identified, and feasibility studies completed. also notes that the related compensation payments have MTPs II and III note the need to bolster the viability and been unsustainable. The MTP I envisioned developing a sustainability of the LAPSSET Corridor by developing the workable compensation scheme for economic losses caused three planned resort cities; that is Lamu (Mokowe), Isiolo and by wildlife. The Sessional Paper is, however, silent on the Turkana (Eliye Springs) and Loiyangalani sites. The process establishment and role of Community Wildlife Conservation of procuring land for Turkana Resort City has already been Committees (CWCCs), which is however established in the initiated under the LAPSSET programme. The Lamu Resort WCMA 2013. Community Wildlife Conservation Committees City is proposed to be at Mokowe and is premised on the rich were in August 2019 established by Gazette Notice Vol. cultural history including the Swahili village, beaches, unique No CXX- No.105 in all 47 counties for a term of three years. cultural identity, world heritage sites and national reserves/ Among the mandates of the CWCC as established in the Act parks. Lamu Old Town is a UNESCO World Heritage Centre is to review and recommend payment of compensation on and is the oldest and best-preserved Swahili settlement claims resulting from loss or damage caused by wildlife. in East Africa. An international investor conference was envisioned to be held to market the resorts to both local and A major policy concern within these counties that would international investors. stifle tourism is insecurity. The National Police Service crime statistics show that terrorism is among the challenges The resorts have not been built and the tourist circuit is affecting the North Kenya regions, largely due to its proximity not established partly due to resource constraints. The to Somalia. Additionally, majority of cattle stock theft in the government has proposed in MTP III to operationalize country is from northern frontier counties. Some of the the Tourism Transformation Fund, finalize, and gazette contributing factors to cattle theft is water and pasture regulations, and develop disbursement criteria. Other niche constraints especially during drought, land and boundary products to be explored and promoted include bird tourism, disputes and outdated cultural practices. The government which is rich in Turkana Country. has continued to undertake various operations to address insecurity. The operationalizing and strengthening of the During the MTP I, the Sessional Paper No. 1 of 2010 on Tourism Protection Service is therefore key. Enhancing Sustainable Tourism in Kenya was developed. The sessional paper articulated the need to harness the cultural Recommendations diversity of the country by promoting cultural tourism, County governments in the ASALs are the custodians of enhancing product quality and diversity by targeting the tourism products and services, hence play a vital role in under-visited parks and reserves, need for further investment tourism development in the country. Thus, all counties need particularly in roads, marketing Kenya’s tourism products, to: map all their tourist attraction, cultural and heritage dealing with other sources of insecurity including cattle sites and develop and implement county-specific tourism rustling, which is prone in ASALs, and mitigating climate development and marketing plans that incorporate niche change. A draft National Tourism Policy 2020 on Enhancing tourism product development. The county niche products Sustainable Tourism in Kenya, which captures emerging include eco-tourism, sports tourism, desert tourism, cultural issues and the role of counties in tourism development, is tourism, M.I.C.E, tourists-on-transit, conference tourism, yet to be finalized. The MTP III (2018-2022) notes the need adventure tourism, archaeology, amusement parks, for collaboration in tourism development between National agritourism, nature tourism, wildlife tourism, mountain and County Governments to ensure sustainability of tourism tourism (e.g. hiking and paragliding), camping tourism, products. An inter-governmental coordination mechanism home-stay tourism and culinary tourism. This will then inform Issue 15, No. 3, January - March 2023 14 the Counties Tourism Information Centres and tourism There are opportunities to diversify into additional tourist signage. Strengthening of inter-governmental coordination activities such as water sport in conservation areas such as for the development and promotion of tourism products is Central Island National Park in Turkana County. Enhancing therefore a priority. This is aimed at supporting counties to nature tourism around Lake Turkana as presented in the improve infrastructure that supports tourism development. National Tourism Blueprint 2020 and supporting investment Implementation of Sessional Paper No. 01 of 2020 on Wildlife in desert safaris/amenities in areas such as Chalbi Desert. Policy will address several challenges affecting wildlife This calls for the establishment of guidelines and technical through the development of mechanisms for surveillance assistance from the National Government to support of the and management of wildlife diseases; a mechanism for development and promotion of these and other tourism ecosystem-based management; conservation funding products at the county level unique to the county. mechanisms, and benefit sharing from wildlife utilization. Wildlife conservation provisions as provided in the policy Tourism Regulatory Authority is mandated to register, are largely through national parks, reserves and sanctuaries licence, and grade all tourist-related activities and undertake and their accompanying approved management plans. classification of tourism facilities and services. In 2019, Kenya The Sessional Paper further calls for development of an had 211 classified accommodation facilities (comprising engagement framework for conservation within counties. of hotels, restaurants, apartments, villas, lodges, camps, The CWCC is a critical framework that can promote wildlife resorts, spa and golf clubs) spread in 20 counties, with a conservation at the counties. capacity of 16,554 rooms and 27,467 beds. Of these, 68.0 per cent were located in 6 counties, namely Nairobi, Narok, Prioritization of development and revamping of tourism- Nakuru, Mombasa, Kwale and Kilifi. In addition, only 18 per enabling infrastructure, including existing national culture cent of Kenyan hotels are in the 4-5 star categories, which and cultural centres and establishment of county cultural is significantly lower than the average of 40.0 per cent in centres and museums as proposed in the National Policy competing long-haul destinations. on Culture and Heritage is key to preserving and promoting culture and national cohesion. In addition, there is need A total of 27 counties lacked classified establishments, to provide support to ASAL counties and investments in affecting their competitiveness as local tourist destinations tourism-enabling infrastructure. including development and ability to host high-spending tourists. This included of hotels, restaurants and other tourist-class hospitality West Pokot, Mandera, Tana River, Marsabit, Garissa, facilities; development of roads to support access to tourism Turkana, Lamu, Wajir, Narok. Among the northern frontier attraction sites; ICT and other enablers to support travel counties therefore only Isiolo and Samburu had classified agents and tour operators; physical investments to support accommodation establishments. This would make tourism meetings, incentives, conventions and exhibition events; marketing difficult. This calls for a substantial increase in and development of airports and airline services. investment in accommodation and other tourism-enabling infrastructure across all ASAL counties, to meet the ever- Continued financial support to enhance key tourism products increasing demand for Kenya’s tourism products. In addition, in ASALs, with focus on wildlife, nature (biodiversity) and it is necessary to enhance compliance to minimum standards cultural products that are unique to the region. This is to be by regulated tourism enterprises, activities and services to achieved by undertaking the following: re-engineer destination appeal and competitiveness. • Facilitating community-based tourism activities, including conservation, eco-friendly and A review of the classification system may be further sustainable tourism, and home-stay tourism necessary to ensure that all hotels receive some classification particularly for ASALs in northern frontier counties. informative to the consumer. The hospitality industry has identified alternative classification systems such as • Promotion of cultural festivals. Several frontier sustainability badges. This calls for the revisiting relevant counties such as Lamu, Turkana and Samburu have policy frameworks such as the draft EcoTourism Policy and successfully conducted cultural festivals annually, the home-stay policy. which has drawn tourism to the counties. Continued research on tourism opportunities by Tourism • Expansion of wildlife tourism opportunities within Research Institute, including water sports, bottom boat under-utilized parks and reservices through rides, and desert tourism within the northern frontier establishment of tourist activities including counties is necessary to identify the needs and opportunities game drives, nature walks, mountain tourism and how to establish an effective destination marketing and accommodation in parks, reserves and campaign on the same. conservancies. This is aimed at exploring and exploiting the potential of parks, reserves and Continued efforts to enhance access and security in the conservancies within ASALs. northern frontier counties is paramount in encouraging tourism investors. This can be achieved through provision of Review the Tourism Act 2011 to accommodate aspects of necessary resources and capacity within the Kenya Tourist devolution, inter-governmental coordination and streamline/ Police Unit in the region. amalgamate and simplify tourism and hospitality licensing requirements to attract more investors to the sector. 15 Issue 15, No. 3, January - March 2023 and economic growth, there is need to increase efficient Exploring Energy Transition production of affordable energy. Going by the trend at the national level over the last 14 years, Kenya seems to be Opportunities in Arid and Semi-Arid progressively increasing its energy production, with the 3 total installed capacity rising from 1,310 MW in the year 2008 Lands to 3031 MW in 2022. Concurrently, there has been a major shift from reliance on non-renewable to renewable energy Brian Nyaware and Humphrey Njogu attributed to the expansion of geothermal, hydro, wind and solar, with a number of the renewable energy projects being located in and supply energy to the ASALs. This has fast-tracked the energy transition in Kenya with renewable Introduction Energy is vital for economic and social growth. The United (2018)- Least Cost Development Plan. Some key energy Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7 aims to projects that have been recently commissioned in the achieve universal access to affordable, reliable, sustainable ASALs are the Lake Turkana Wind Project (310MW) and the and modern energy. Among the goal’s specific targets Garissa Solar Plant (50MW). Additionally, given that about to be achieved by 2030 are universal energy access and 36 per cent of the county’s population lives in these areas, a substantial increase in the share of renewable energy in according to the State Department for ASALs and Regional the global energy mix, among others. Despite its numerous Development, they have a substantial contribution to benefits, energy is a major contributor to climate change due Kenya’s total energy consumption. to the large amounts of harmful greenhouse gas emissions from the use of fossil fuels. Consequently, SDG 7 guides the Despite their huge role in the energy sector, the energy energy transition at the global level. The energy transition is a potential and transition in ASALs is yet to be fully realized. policy-driven process involving a systematic global shift from This is partly because of challenges such as the remoteness fossil-based energy production and consumption systems to of some areas, intermittency of weather patterns that zero-carbon, renewable, sustainable, efficient, secure, and negatively affect renewable energy sources such as hydro, reliable energy systems (World Economic Forum, 2018). Fast- and inadequate finances. ASALs are often characterized by tracking the energy transition will contribute to achieving poor infrastructure, high poverty levels and a high presence the Paris Agreement goal of holding the global average of unemployed youth, women, and vulnerable groups. temperature increase to below 2°C above pre-industrial Therefore, low access to clean energy further exacerbates levels, and thus reducing some climate change risks and the living conditions of the residents due to the associated improve livelihoods. negative effects such as slow economic growth, health concerns, pollution, and deaths. According to the World Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs) play a large role in Kenya’s Health Organization estimates, there are 3.2 million annual energy transition and sector. ASALs cover a large land area premature deaths worldwide attributed to household air in the country, host many energy production sites, and pollution, mainly caused by cooking with unclean fuels and provide land resources for additional renewable energy traditional cooking stoves. Therefore, improving the energy production. Besides the land resource potential, ASALs have transition and access in Kenyan ASALs has the potential to great potential for renewable energy sources such as wind minimize the negative trends and bring about additional and solar. Kenya’s equatorial position avails ASALs ample socio-economic and environmental benefits. solar insulation all year through, with potential daily 5-7 peak hours providing 4-6 kWh/m2/day. Also, ASAL counties such Energy Production as Laikipia, Marsabit and Samburu have great wind speeds Energy is a key enabler for the achievement of Kenya’s suitable for wind energy generation. The Rift Valley region, main development agenda - Vision 2030, which seeks to which has some ASALs, is estimated to have 10,000MW of have the country become a middle-income industrialized geothermal energy, according to the Government of Kenya country by 2030. For Kenya to achieve its development goals Issue 15, No. 3, January - March 2023 16 and economic growth, there is need to increase efficient energy having an aggregated average of 90.5 per cent of production of affordable energy. Going by the trend at the the total energy mix over the last three years (Kenya Power national level over the last 14 years, Kenya seems to be and Lighting Company Annual Report 2022). The growth has progressively increasing its energy production, with the been mainly due to the government programmes, policies total installed capacity rising from 1,310 MW in the year 2008 incentives and support that have led to the commissioning of to 3031 MW in 2022. Concurrently, there has been a major new energy projects onto the grid by both government and shift from reliance on non-renewable to renewable energy non-government entities (Independent Power Producers- attributed to the expansion of geothermal, hydro, wind IPPs). The Scaling up Renewable Energy Programme (SREP), and solar, with a number of the renewable energy projects Rural Electrification Programme, Energy Act 2019, and the being located in and supply energy to the ASALs. This has Feed-in Tariff (FiT) policy are examples of such initiatives and fast-tracked the energy transition in Kenya with renewable policies, that have also positively impacted the ASALs. Annual energy generation mix (%) Source: Kenya Power and Lighting Company annual reports (2008 to 2022) The Kenya Off-Grid Solar Access Project (KOSAP) is an MKOPA and PAYGO are examples of financing schemes in example of a government project that promotes energy Kenya that enable people to access finance to overcome the access and transition in Kenya’s ASALs. The project’s financial barriers preventing them from clean energy access. main objective is to provide electricity and clean cooking This has also facilitated energy transition and access to many solutions in the remote, low density, and traditionally customers, especially those with low incomes and living in underserved areas of the country. It aims to support the remote ASALs. The repayment amount is usually low and spread of Standalone Solar Systems for Households in six over a long period of time, hence affordable. lots, consisting of 14 counties that are ASALs: Turkana, West Pokot, Isiolo, Marsabit, Samburu, Mandera, Wajir, Lamu, According to the Kenya Integrated Household Budget Garissa, Tana River, Kilifi, Kwale, Narok and Taita Taveta. Survey 2015-2016, 12 per cent of Kenya’s total households The project supports the transition from low-efficiency have installed solar panels. Some households use these solar baseline stoves to cleaner, high efficiency improved cooking panels as the main source of their lighting. Elgeyo Marakwet solutions in 8 ASAL counties (Turkana, West Pokot, Isiolo, is the leading ASAL county when it comes to percentage Samburu, Marsabit, Kilifi, Kwale and Taita Taveta). Capacity distribution of households using solar energy as the main building and financing are also part of this project. Overall, lighting fuel, while Garissa is the ASAL county with the the project is expected to install 120 solar mini-grids, least. The mean percentage distribution of households by 250,000 solar home systems, more than 1,000 community the main lighting fuel being solar energy in ASAL counties solar systems, and 380 community solar water pumps. is 15.5 per cent. This is lower compared to the 18.2 mean for This contributes to the cumulative small-scale solar energy non-ASAL counties. This goes to show that ASALs have a production in ASALs and Kenya. Kenya Power and Lighting clean energy access gap and, therefore, are yet to achieve Company is also implementing the solar lamp project that the energy transition. The most used source of lighting in aims to support 13 counties in ASALs by distributing 24,500 Kenyan households is electricity at 50.4 per cent and other solar lanterns. Lamu, Tana River, Meru, Embu, Samburu, lighting sources are gas lamps, torches, paraffin, generators, Baringo, Mandera, Turkana, Wajir, Marsabit, Garissa, Isiolo candles, battery, and wood. and Homa Bay are the counties benefitting from this project. 17 Issue 15, No. 3, January - March 2023 Percentage distribution of households by the main lighting fuel being solar energy per county ASAL residents compared to clean electricity for cooking. Several initiatives have been set up by government and non- government stakeholders to address these challenges and fast-track the transition from non-renewables. The Kenya Country Action Plan (CAP) (2013) for Clean Cookstoves and Fuels looks into raising awareness to promote the use of clean fuels to address the knowledge barriers. For example, the government zero-rated VAT on LPG, and this led to significant uptake of LPG by more than 50 per cent between 2016 and 2020. In 2021, the government reinstated VAT exemptions on renewable energy products, including clean cooking solutions and solar and wind generation equipment through the Finance Act, 2021. Some of the fuels included in the exemption are denatured ethanol, biogas, and sustainable fuel briquettes. Additionally, the National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) 2018-2022 targets to Source: KNBS, Kenya Integrated Households Budget Survey 2015-2016. increase uptake of clean cooking solutions. The Mwananchi Gas Project is also a government project that aims to increase Energy consumption Also featured in the Energy Progress Report 2022 is that LPG penetration in the country from 10 per cent to 70 per Electricity and cooking are examples of common energy 2.4 billion people globally still cook using fuels that are cent. The distributed gas will be cheaper and thus more uses when it comes to consumption. The Energy Progress detrimental to their health and the environment. According affordable. The government recently announced its plan Report 2022 shows that about 733 million people still lack to the Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy report, to implement a subsidy on gas cylinder prices. This would access to electricity worldwide. Out of these, 15 million only 20 per cent of Kenya’s total population has access to result in price reductions of up to 80 per cent, with the price are from Kenya. Despite the large numbers, Kenya has an clean cooking. About 67 per cent of Kenya’s population use of a 6kg gas coming down from Ksh 2,800 to between Ksh above average electricity access rate of 75 per cent, with charcoal and wood to cook. The use of unclean sources of 500 and Ksh 300. This will promote the use of clean energy urban access rate being higher than rural access. From the cooking fuels is high in ASAL regions, with Tana River County nationwide, including in the ASALs. These government annual sales of electricity in 2022, regions with large ASALs having 43 per cent of its households using charcoal as the efforts demonstrate its commitment to achieving the cover registered high unit sales - Coast, North Rift and main source of cooking fuel. Clean fuel usage for cooking energy transition by 2030. There have also been efforts by North Eastern regions having 1,674 GWh, 357GWh and 969 is low at national level and in ASALs. It is noted that there non-governmental organizations such as KOKO, GiZ and the GWh, respectively. These regions also have a high number are different energy sources for cooking in both ASALs and Netherlands Development Organisation (SNV) to promote of customers- 640935, 409034 and 916687 customers for non-ASALs. ASAL counties have a higher use of firewood clean cooking in some ASAL counties such as Kitui through Coast, North rift and North Eastern regions, respectively, and charcoal compared to non-ASAL counties, with the the supply of improved cooking stoves and fuels, increased in 2022. These examples demonstrate the large role percentage distribution averaging 68.47 and 18.93 in ASALs public advocacy and other initiatives. ASALs have in energy consumption and energy transition and 62.5 and 12.13 in non-ASALs, respectively. The ASAL as the consumption growth has been partly driven by grid counties of Wajir, Garissa, Lamu and Taita Taveta have 89.5 Energy Conservation and Energy expansion and adoption of renewable energy and off grid per cent, 71.7 per cent, 60.6 per cent and 55.4 per cent of Efficiency solutions. The Last Mile Project and the Rural Electrification their household’s using firewood as the main cooking fuel, Energy conservation and energy efficiency are other Programme are some government initiatives that have led respectively. ASAL counties also have a lower average vital elements for a complete energy transition. Energy to increased electricity access in ASALs. percentage distribution of Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) conservation refers to the process of limiting energy compared to non-ASAL counties. Other cooking fuels in use consumption to avoid wastage. It is largely based on are electricity, biogas, charcoal, solar and paraffin. behavioural and operational practices. An example of Percentage distribution of households by the main lighting fuel being solar energy per county energy conservation can be turning off the lights when not in use or during the day. Energy efficiency refers to optimizing the amount of energy used to produce goods and services without compromising quality and quantity. It may involve the purchase and installation of more efficient equipment and processes. Among the benefits of these elements include: reduced demand and consumption of fossil fuels in electricity generation, improved manufacturing competitiveness, improved energy security, reduced overall energy demand, lower costs for the end user and mitigation of climate change through lower greenhouse gas emissions. Kenya attained an overall energy efficiency score of 58 out of 100 in the Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy report (2022). Under the energy efficiency sub-indicators, Kenya had above average scores in: energy efficiency entities, incentives, and mandates, building codes, minimum energy Source: KNBS, Kenya Integrated Households Budget Survey 2015-2016 efficiency performance standards, energy labelling systems Among the main challenges affecting renewable energy of non-renewable energy sources is mostly cheaper and and building energy codes. This is an indication that the consumption in ASALs are low energy access, awareness, more accessible, compared to renewable energy sources. country is heading in the right direction with comprehensive and affordability related issues. In most cases, the cost As an example, firewood is cheaper and more accessible to Issue 15, No. 3, January - March 2023 18 ASAL residents compared to clean electricity for cooking. policies in place, such as the Kenya National Energy Efficiency Several initiatives have been set up by government and non- and Conservation Strategy. The transport sector, carbon government stakeholders to address these challenges and pricing and financing mechanisms for energy efficiency are fast-track the transition from non-renewables. The Kenya the sub-indicators that Kenya scored below average with 0 Country Action Plan (CAP) (2013) for Clean Cookstoves scores on the last two. This calls for a need to relook into and Fuels looks into raising awareness to promote the these sectors. These scores also reflect the energy efficiency use of clean fuels to address the knowledge barriers. For status in Kenya’s ASALs. ASALs could benefit from quicker example, the government zero-rated VAT on LPG, and this adoption of energy efficiency and conversion as they would led to significant uptake of LPG by more than 50 per cent have fewer systems or processes to adjust. between 2016 and 2020. In 2021, the government reinstated VAT exemptions on renewable energy products, including Kenya aims to enhance energy and resource efficiency clean cooking solutions and solar and wind generation across different sectors as stated in its priority mitigation equipment through the Finance Act, 2021. Some of the fuels activities within this National Determined Contributions included in the exemption are denatured ethanol, biogas, (NDCs). At the recently concluded COP27, Kenya announced and sustainable fuel briquettes. Additionally, the National its intention to export carbon credits. The carbon credits Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) 2018-2022 targets to benefit from increased energy transition and efficiency and increase uptake of clean cooking solutions. The Mwananchi they have the potential to benefit communities, including Gas Project is also a government project that aims to increase those in the ASALs. The Kenya National Energy Efficiency LPG penetration in the country from 10 per cent to 70 per and Conservation Strategy aim to promote and mainstream cent. The distributed gas will be cheaper and thus more energy efficiency and conservation in both private and public affordable. The government recently announced its plan (national and county governments) sectors. Improving to implement a subsidy on gas cylinder prices. This would energy and resource efficiency in the manufacturing sector result in price reductions of up to 80 per cent, with the price is also identified as a priority climate action in the National of a 6kg gas coming down from Ksh 2,800 to between Ksh Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) 2018-2022, which also 500 and Ksh 300. This will promote the use of clean energy benefits the ASALs. nationwide, including in the ASALs. These government efforts demonstrate its commitment to achieving the Conclusions and Recommendations energy transition by 2030. There have also been efforts by Kenya’s ASALs present a broad range of patterns and non-governmental organizations such as KOKO, GiZ and the potential when it comes to the energy transition. ASALs Netherlands Development Organisation (SNV) to promote provide great potential for energy production from land clean cooking in some ASAL counties such as Kitui through resources for renewable energy infrastructure to natural the supply of improved cooking stoves and fuels, increased resources such as wind and solar insolation. Notably, a great public advocacy and other initiatives. share of energy consumption originates from these areas. Energy Conservation and Energy However, these areas still face challenges such as lack of Efficiency clean energy access, high use of non-renewable sources of Energy conservation and energy efficiency are other energy and lack of finances to facilitate sustainable energy vital elements for a complete energy transition. Energy access and energy transition. conservation refers to the process of limiting energy consumption to avoid wastage. It is largely based on It is important for the government and other stakeholders to behavioural and operational practices. An example of continue looking for more ways to boost renewable energy energy conservation can be turning off the lights when production and reduce reliance on non-renewable energy in not in use or during the day. Energy efficiency refers to ASALs. This can be done using renewable energy mandates, optimizing the amount of energy used to produce goods incentives, and fast-tracking implementation of renewable and services without compromising quality and quantity. It energy policies such as the wheeling framework and the net may involve the purchase and installation of more efficient metering policies. equipment and processes. Among the benefits of these elements include: reduced demand and consumption of Consumption of renewable energy can be improved upon fossil fuels in electricity generation, improved manufacturing through continued efforts on research, production, and competitiveness, improved energy security, reduced overall distribution of clean fuel alternatives such as biomass energy demand, lower costs for the end user and mitigation briquettes, use of subsidies and incentives such as of climate change through lower greenhouse gas emissions. tax reductions on renewable energy equipment, and implementation of programmes and business models that Kenya attained an overall energy efficiency score of 58 out improve affordability and access. The current VAT exemption of 100 in the Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy can be expanded to include more clean energy equipment report (2022). Under the energy efficiency sub-indicators, and fuels. Kenya had above average scores in: energy efficiency entities, incentives, and mandates, building codes, minimum energy More public awareness, public advocacy, and adoption efficiency performance standards, energy labelling systems of energy-efficient processes such as the adoption of and building energy codes. This is an indication that the electric mobility solutions to improve energy efficiency and country is heading in the right direction with comprehensive conservation in ASALs. 19 Issue 15, No. 3, January - March 2023 Legislative Developments and 4 Policy News Issue 15, No. 3, January - March 2023 20 A. LEGISLATIVE DEVELOPMENTS 3. The Konza Technopolis Bill, 2023 was gazetted I. National Assembly Bills: on 6th January 2023. The principal object of this Bill is to establish the Konza Technopolis 1. The National Youth Council (Amendment) Bill, 2023 on Land Reference Number 9918/6 and the was gazetted on 9th February 2023. The principal Konza Technopolis Authority responsible for the object of this Bill is to amend the National Youth administration of the Konza Technopolis. Council Act to depoliticise the membership of the National Youth Council by allowing the competitive recruitment of the youth serving in the council through the office of the County Directors of 4. The Equalization Fund Appropriation Bill, 2023 Youth. was gazetted on 31st January 2023. The Bill principally seeks to provide for payments out 2. The Statutory Instruments (Amendment) Bill, 2023 of the Equalisation Fund for the financial year was gazetted on 15th February 2023. The principal 2022/23. The Equalisation Fund is established under object of this Bill is to amend the provisions of the Article 204 (1) of the Constitution to facilitate the Statutory Instruments Act (2013) to enable the provision of basic services including water, roads, Committee on Delegated Legislation to require health facilities and electricity to marginalized the regulation making authority to submit to areas to the extent necessary to bring the quality Parliament a copy of any regulation that ceases to of those services in those areas to the level have effect by operation of law. The amendment generally enjoyed by the rest of the nation, so further obligates Parliament to notify the public far as possible. This Bill therefore proposes a in two newspapers of wide circulation that a legal framework for the issuance of monies out statutory instrument which ceases to have effect of the Equalisation Fund to counties in which by operation of law is a nullity. marginalized areas fall for the provisions of crucial basic services. 3. The Supplementary Appropriation Bill, 2023 was gazetted on 28th February 2023. The 5. The Cotton Industry Development Bill, 2023 was Supplementary Appropriation Bill makes provision gazetted on 6th February 2023. The principal for giving statutory sanction for public expenditure object of this Bill is to provide for the policy and for the year ending on 30th June 2023 on the institutional framework within which cotton basis of Supplementary Estimates of Expenditure industry operates by, among others, establishing 2022/23 (Recurrent) and the Supplementary the Cotton Industry Development Board. The Estimates Expenditure 2022/23 (Development) and cotton industry was once a major foreign for the appropriation of those amounts. exchange earner whose collapse led to massive loss of revenue to the government and farmers. II. Senate Bills: Government issues, regulatory challenges, national and international economic realities, and scientific 1. The Learners with Disabilities Bill, 2023 was reliability are some of the pressing concerns gazetted on 31st January 2023. This Bill is aimed that need to be addressed by the institution at providing a proper framework for actualisation responsible for cotton industry development to of the right to basic education for learners with attain success in the industry. There is therefore disabilities in Kenya at all three levels of education a genuine need for strong and robust policy and in Kenya. The Bill creates provisions of law that institutional foundation to support and guide the obligate the National Government through the multitude of activities, operations, and interactions Ministry of Education and the County Governments within the industry with the aim that the growth to carry out their duties in bringing the special of the industry will result to a strengthened needs education of learners with disabilities agricultural economy for the various counties to parity with normal learners and to end the across the country. The highlight of this Bill is the exclusion of learners with disability from the revamping of cotton farming to make it profitable, education cycle. sustainable, and development-oriented activity. 2. The Tea (Amendment) Bill, 2023 was gazetted 6. The Kenya Sign Language Bill, 2023 was gazetted on 6th January 2023. The principal object of the on 28th February 2023. The principal object of Bill is to amend certain provisions in the Tea Act this Bill is to provide for the use of sign language (2020) to protect the tea growers’ proceeds from in judicial proceedings, schools, and public mismanagement by factories. The Bill also aims institutions to ensure that deaf learners are given to incentivize value addition of tea by exempting the same opportunities as all other learners to be value added tea from payment of the tea levy. The productive members of the society. Bill further seeks to liberalize the tea industry. This will be done through direct sales of teas overseas. 21 Issue 15, No. 3, January - March 2023 7. The Heritage and Museums Bill, 2023 was gazetted food. President William Ruto did not extend the maize flour will affect more than 7,500 small-scale importers who will on 28th February 2023. The principal object of subsidy scheme started by his predecessor, which would be expected to pay US$ 1,000 as container deposits, a levy the Bill is to give effect to the Fourth Schedule to have reduced the price of a kilogramme of maize flour to that had been waived for those importing in small quantities. the Constitution. The Bill proposes to retain the Ksh 100. The government initiated a new fertilizer subsidy The directive will see items such as second-hand clothes and National Museums of Kenya already established intending to reduce production costs. The state set aside household goods, which end up in open-air markets, now under the National Museums and Heritage Ksh 5.3 billion for the fertilizer subsidy in January 2023 to be attracting import duty, value added taxes (VAT), excise duty, Act (2006), to provide for national and county used in the planting seasons in April and October. The new Import Declaration Levies, and Railway Development Levy. museums; the preservation, protection, and administration, however, retained the waiver on import This will lead to an increase in the cost of doing business management of cultural and natural heritage at duty and levies on maize shipped from outside the country, and retail prices. The move to the World Trade Organization National and County levels of Government; and although the unavailability of the cereal in the region and the (WTO) General Agreement on Tariff and Trade model based to repeal the National Museums and Heritage Act high transport costs complicated things. There were notable on transaction value was necessitated by abuse of the initial (2006). increases in the value of imported maize; and medicinal and government directive. The earlier directive aimed to ease pharmaceutical products from Ksh 7 billion and Ksh 21.4 costs for small importers, citing several cases of under- III. Acts of Parliament: billion in the third quarter of 2021 to Ksh 10.9 billion and valuation of cargo and tax evasion that have denied the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission Sh24.7 billion, respectively, according to KNBS Quarterly government billions in potential revenue. The move is also (Amendment) Act was gazetted on 23rd January 2023. This Balance of Payment for the third quarter of 2022. expected to affect cargo volumes on the standard gauge is a Bill for an Act of Parliament to amend the Independent railway from Mombasa to the Kenya Railways Corporation Electoral and Boundaries Commission Act and for Remittances now Kenya’s Largest Transit Shed in Nairobi, which was gazetted in 2021 as a connected purposes. The first schedule to the Independent Foreign Exchange Earner facility to deconsolidate cargo. Establishing the Boma Line Electoral and Boundaries Commission Act, 2011 is Kenya is now earning more foreign exchange from diaspora was part of the initiative to bring services closer to taxpayers amended in paragraph 1 by deleting sub-paragraph (2) and remittances than its major exports, including coffee, tea, and facilitate them to conduct their business effectively substituting therefor the following new sub-paragraph- “(2) and horticulture. Data from the Central Bank of Kenya and efficiently. Cargo verification was also simplified, with The selection panel shall consist of: reveal that the country’s diaspora remittances rose by 8.34 traders with goods of Customs value of US$ 10,000 or less percent to US$ 4.027 billion in 2022, closing in on exports, allowed to make an import declaration on a mobile app or (a) One man and one woman, nominated by the which brought in US$ 5.77 billion worth of foreign currency a direct assessment entry. In contrast, those with goods of Parliamentary Service Commission; in the same period. Tea, Kenya’s leading export, earned Customs valued above US$ 10,000 were cleared through a (b) One person nominated by the Public Service the country US$ 1.2 billion in 2022, followed closely by registered clearing agent in the Customs system. Commission; horticulture at US$ 901 million, chemicals (US$ 521 million), (c) One person nominated by the Political Parties coffee (US$ 301 million), and petroleum products (US$ Counties to Set up Economic Zones Liaison Committee; 77 million), highlighting the crucial role of remittances The National Government has set aside more than Ksh 5 (d) One person nominated by the Law Society of in bringing in foreign currencies. Although remittance billion to set up industrial parks in each of the 47 counties Kenya; and flows have a significant impact on household and macro- to boost economic activity from benefits offered by Special (e) Two persons nominated by the Interreligious levels, they are often used as subsistence consumption Economic Zones. During a meeting held on 7th March 2023 Council of Kenya.” rather than investment. A significant portion is targeted to with Tatu City Special Economic Zone officials and Tatu City B. POLICY NEWS meet the specific household needs of the recipients and Founder and CEO Stephen Jennings, H.E. President William Domestic News is usually recurrent expenditures such as school fees, rent Ruto confirmed that each county was set to receive Ksh 110 and hospital bills. Kenyan Diaspora is a source of significant million. The President noted that Tatu City Special Economic Maize Importation in the Country resource flows through remittances. However, they can also Zone taught Kenya how to conduct its businesses, incubate be seen as crucial contributors to social investments. This in companies, and stimulate economic activities. In the 5,000- turn creates potential opportunities for the government and acre special economic zone is the 900-acre Tatu Industrial private sector to harness and scale up these investments Park, the largest private industrial zone in East Africa, where for economic growth. Given the high potential for diaspora major pharmaceutical and other companies are expected to remittances, the government needs to build a more robust set up, thus bringing billions worth of investments. understanding of how private resources can be mobilized and invested in off-grid projects. Financial institutions, Bilateral Relations policy makers and development partners need to foster a more conducive environment for diaspora investments Kenya-Italy Relations by developing programmes that can encourage diaspora Kenya and Italy signed agreements, Memoranda of investment and provide attractive products to encourage Understanding (MoUs), and a joint declaration to provide diaspora investments to shift from remittances. In addition, a framework to advance bilateral cooperation following there is need for the government to promote institutional Italy’s President Sergio Mattarella arrival on 13th March 2023 engagement with the diaspora and establish an economic into the country for a four-day official visit. The first signed As a result of drought in Kenya for the better part of 2022, environment geared towards promoting investment and MoU seeks Kenya and Italy to cooperate in the health field leading to low production of maize, maize importation in financial incentives. towards achieving improved pharmaceutical production Kenya doubled to 519,611.30 tonnes, equivalent to 5.7 million 90-kilogramme bags. In 2021, a similar period, according to KRA New Tax Plan for Importers and Universal Health Coverage. In the second agreement, the two countries agreed to bilateral consultations to set data compiled by the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics Importers of consolidated cargo will now be required to pay guidelines on relations between their respective Ministries (KNBS), the nation imported 214,100.9 tonnes of maize or taxes based on transaction value in a new directive by Kenya of Foreign affairs. President Ruto and President Mattarella 2,378,899 bags. Maize is a staple food in Kenya, and the Revenue Authority (KRA) in March 2023. This is a shift from discussed regional and international issues and decided commodity shortage resulted in a surge in retail prices the previous model, where importers declared loose cargo to remove non-tariff barriers to stimulate trade and for maize flour, and about 5.1 million people needed relief and paid duty at Ksh 200 per kilogramme. This new plan Issue 15, No. 3, January - March 2023 22 will affect more than 7,500 small-scale importers who will investment. The two Presidents planned for negotiations be expected to pay US$ 1,000 as container deposits, a levy on a double-taxation agreement to promote foreign direct that had been waived for those importing in small quantities. investments and for cooperation in ICT, agro-industrial, ICT, The directive will see items such as second-hand clothes and and bio-fuel projects. President Ruto explained that Kenya household goods, which end up in open-air markets, now and Italy had further committed to re-establish collaboration attracting import duty, value added taxes (VAT), excise duty, on constructing Arror, Kimwarer, and Itare dams. These Import Declaration Levies, and Railway Development Levy. projects are critical to food security and climate action. Italy This will lead to an increase in the cost of doing business committed Ksh 14 billion in grants and soft loans covering and retail prices. The move to the World Trade Organization agriculture, MSMEs, housing and urban settlement projects, (WTO) General Agreement on Tariff and Trade model based health, the digital superhighway, and the creative economy. on transaction value was necessitated by abuse of the initial President Mattarella noted that Italy will work with Kenya government directive. The earlier directive aimed to ease since it is a strategic partner in Africa. costs for small importers, citing several cases of under- valuation of cargo and tax evasion that have denied the Kenya-Eritrea Relations government billions in potential revenue. The move is also On 9th February 2023, Kenya and Eritrea agreed to expected to affect cargo volumes on the standard gauge scrap visa requirements for their citizens permanently. railway from Mombasa to the Kenya Railways Corporation This was formally announced at State House in Nairobi, Transit Shed in Nairobi, which was gazetted in 2021 as a where President William Ruto held bilateral talks with facility to deconsolidate cargo. Establishing the Boma Line Eritrean President Isaias Afwerki. The progress is aimed at was part of the initiative to bring services closer to taxpayers accelerating economic transformation between the two and facilitate them to conduct their business effectively countries. President Ruto emphasized the need for a system and efficiently. Cargo verification was also simplified, with free of barriers to strengthen relations, promote integration traders with goods of Customs value of US$ 10,000 or less and enhance regional trade. Both Presidents confirmed allowed to make an import declaration on a mobile app or the existence of immense trade and investment potential, a direct assessment entry. In contrast, those with goods of hence the need for collaboration in agriculture, education, Customs valued above US$ 10,000 were cleared through a renewable energy, blue economy, sports, tourism, water registered clearing agent in the Customs system. management, security, transport, and mining. Trade volume Counties to Set up Economic Zones between Kenya and Eritrea in 2020 was at Ksh 73.4 million compared to Ksh 257 million in 2015. President Ruto confirmed The National Government has set aside more than Ksh 5 the relatively low figures as an indicator of enormous billion to set up industrial parks in each of the 47 counties opportunity in trade, especially with the operationalization to boost economic activity from benefits offered by Special of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). The Economic Zones. During a meeting held on 7th March 2023 President hailed Eritrea’s commitment to peace and stability with Tatu City Special Economic Zone officials and Tatu City in the region, which paved the road for regional peace and Founder and CEO Stephen Jennings, H.E. President William development cooperation and has seen the deepening of Ruto confirmed that each county was set to receive Ksh 110 economic, social, and cultural relations with Kenya, which million. The President noted that Tatu City Special Economic promotes joint investment and collaboration. Zone taught Kenya how to conduct its businesses, incubate companies, and stimulate economic activities. In the 5,000- Kenya-Malawi Relations acre special economic zone is the 900-acre Tatu Industrial The Cabinet Secretary Investments, Trade and Industry Park, the largest private industrial zone in East Africa, where Moses Kuria met with Malawian President Lazarus Chakwera major pharmaceutical and other companies are expected to at the State House in Blantyre, Malawi on 6th February set up, thus bringing billions worth of investments. 2023. The Cabinet Secretary delivered President William Bilateral Relations Ruto’s message on issues to do with regional integration and later held talks with President Chakwera on matters of mutual benefit between Kenya and Malawi. The Malawian Kenya-Italy Relations President committed to fast-track the ratification of the Kenya and Italy signed agreements, Memoranda of Tripartite Free Trade Agreement (TFTA) between Southern Understanding (MoUs), and a joint declaration to provide Africa Development Community (SADC), Common Market a framework to advance bilateral cooperation following for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and East Italy’s President Sergio Mattarella arrival on 13th March 2023 Africa Community (EAC), an important move towards the into the country for a four-day official visit. The first signed implementation of the Africa Continental Free Trade Area. MoU seeks Kenya and Italy to cooperate in the health field So far, 11 Member/Partner States, which include Egypt, towards achieving improved pharmaceutical production Eswatini, Kenya, South Africa, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, and Universal Health Coverage. In the second agreement, Botswana, Namibia, and Zambia, out of 26 have ratified the the two countries agreed to bilateral consultations to set TFTA short of the 14 required for the Agreement to enter guidelines on relations between their respective Ministries into force. They further discussed potential cooperation on of Foreign affairs. President Ruto and President Mattarella leveraging Malawi commercial food production through the discussed regional and international issues and decided Kenya Multi Commodity Exchange (KOMEX) that aims to to remove non-tariff barriers to stimulate trade and address supply chain weaknesses for farmers. 23 Issue 15, No. 3, January - March 2023 Kenya-Egypt Relations Kenya-EU Business Forum 2023 The Cabinet Secretary for Foreign and Diaspora Affairs, Dr Kenya convened its first Kenya - EU Business Forum in Alfred Mutua, achieved landmark agreements with Egyptian Nairobi from 21st-22nd February 2023 to discuss trade and Minister for Foreign Affairs Sameh Hassan Shoukry at a investment opportunities. The Forum was organized by the bilateral discussion in Cairo. The two ministers discussed European Union (EU) in partnership with the Kenya Private ways to enhance social, political, and economic cooperation Sector Alliance (KEPSA) and the European Business Council between Kenya and Egypt. They agreed to establish free visa (EBC), aimed at fostering European trade and investment entry for diplomatic and official passports of both countries while promoting Kenya by highlighting opportunities and after 21 days starting from 1st April 2023. It was also agreed discussing areas for improvement. The forum brought to start and finalize discussions towards 100 per cent free together 500 businesses, 250 companies drawn from Kenya visa regime for ordinary passports by 1st October 2023. and 250 from EU countries, for the two days forum, which H.E This is aimed at enhancing tourism, growing trade and the President William Ruto officially opened. Kenyan government economic free flow of people and goods as envisioned under officials at the opening plenary included Investment and the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA). CS Trade Cabinet Secretary Moses Kuria, Foreign and Diaspora Mutua and his Egyptian counterpart agreed to hold the 7th Affairs Cabinet Secretary Alfred Mutua, and French Minister Kenya-Egypt Joint Commission for Cooperation (JCC) at a Delegate for Foreign Trade, Economic Attractiveness and later stage to solidify and expand trade deals in the areas French Nationals Abroad, Olivier Becht. The Forum witnessed such as export Kenyan coffee, tea, cut flowers, meat, and the launch of the EU Initiative ‘Investing in Young Businesses nuts to Egypt. Egypt is a major supplier of fertilizer and has in Africa,’ which supports early-stage businesses and shown interest to supply fertilizer to Kenyan farmers and entrepreneurs, especially women and youth, in creating jobs construct dams and boreholes to support Kenya’s 15 billion and growing sustainable and inclusive businesses. During the tree initiative. The two leaders further discussed reclaiming event, Investment and Trade Cabinet Minister Moses Kuria, of Kenya’s semi-arid lands using Egyptian modeled irrigation EU Ambassador to Kenya Henriette Geiger, and TradeMark techniques and opportunities for investors to invest rail, Africa CEO Dave Beer, signed a funding agreement of EUR road, and connectivity through the Public Private Partnership 25million for the implementation of a five-year Business (PPP) and Egypt scholarship to Kenya students. They Environment and Export Enhancement Programme (BEEEP). agreed to further discuss and work on the Kenya diaspora This will facilitate Kenya’s environmentally sustainable framework to enable work, trade and interact in Egypt, export ecosystem and support the government in creating sharing of the waters of the Nile. a conducive business environment. BEEEP will complement the goal of the Integrated National Export Development Saudi Delegation Visits Kenya and Promotion Strategy (INEDPS) by increasing agricultural On 11th January 2023, the Principal Secretary State exports by an average of 25 per cent annually and raising Department for Foreign Affairs Dr A. Korir Sing’oei led the export earnings by EUR 9 billion, including the greening of Kenyan delegation from across Ministries in a bilateral transport and logistics. Lastly, a joint declaration between meeting with visiting Saudi delegation on humanitarian the Government of Kenya and the European Investment and development cooperation. The delegation was led by Bank (EIB) was signed to strengthen the cooperation and Mr Yosef Al Balawi, Minister Plenipotentiary Ministry of accelerate the production of green hydrogen using wind and Foreign Affairs of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, together with solar renewable power. The EIB and EU Bank will mobilize representative from ministries of Energy, Culture, Commerce, EUR 1.8 million to support green hydrogen projects and to Environment, Water, Agriculture, Finance, Human Resources, provide significant long-term loan financing for the sector. Saudi Fund and King Salman Humanitarian Aid. During the meeting, the officials from both countries deliberated on Regional News ways of further deepening and supporting cooperation in the field of development and humanitarian affairs. The EAC’s Proposals on the US Market PS acknowledged the cordial relations that exist between Access under AGOA Kenya and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and expressed The East Africa Community (EAC) is proposing to the United Kenya’s willingness towards deepening and strengthening States government to make rules governing access to their ties for mutual benefit of the people of the two countries and market more flexible under the planned renewal of the expressed Kenya’s readiness in partnering with the Kingdom African Growth Opportunity Act (AGOA). During the Council of Saudi Arabia. This will be a mutually beneficial investment of Ministers meeting in February 2023, the ministers made partnership agriculture development, trade and investment four new proposals to the Joe Biden administration to and labour and skills development. Dr Korir Singoei thanked expand AGOA and make it more effective. The proposals by the Saudi Government for support in Kenya’s infrastructure the EAC include the expansion of the list of AGOA’s products development and humanitarian interventions through the to cover the agro-processing value chain; expand beneficiary Saudi Fund for Development and King Salman Humanitarian countries to include non-Sub-Saharan Africa countries Aid. to ultimately cover the entire AfCFTA; make the rules governing access to the market of US to be more flexible on AGOA products; and support MSMEs such as youth and women-owned business. The Council of Ministers has also Issue 15, No. 3, January - March 2023 24 Kenya-EU Business Forum 2023 proposed the establishment of a Dialogue Forum on Trade Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) despite the global pandemic. He Kenya convened its first Kenya - EU Business Forum in and Investment Opportunities and the provision of support noted that the development interests of Africa accorded Nairobi from 21st-22nd February 2023 to discuss trade and in building the technical capacities od countries exporting to ample financial support to tame inequality and exploitation. investment opportunities. The Forum was organized by the the United States under the AGOA framework. The President urged the Bretton Woods Institutions - European Union (EU) in partnership with the Kenya Private International Monetary Fund and World Bank - to consider Hosting of Key Organs by EAC Partners Sector Alliance (KEPSA) and the European Business Council Africa a legitimate stakeholder in climate and multilateral States (EBC), aimed at fostering European trade and investment development financing. He mentioned that it was vital for while promoting Kenya by highlighting opportunities and Africa to participate in the leadership transition at the World discussing areas for improvement. The forum brought Bank to restructure the international financial system and together 500 businesses, 250 companies drawn from Kenya reforms to make it climate sensitive and promote green and 250 from EU countries, for the two days forum, which H.E growth as a pathway to a sustainable future. President William Ruto officially opened. Kenyan government officials at the opening plenary included Investment and Trade Cabinet Secretary Moses Kuria, Foreign and Diaspora Affairs Cabinet Secretary Alfred Mutua, and French Minister Delegate for Foreign Trade, Economic Attractiveness and French Nationals Abroad, Olivier Becht. The Forum witnessed the launch of the EU Initiative ‘Investing in Young Businesses in Africa,’ which supports early-stage businesses and entrepreneurs, especially women and youth, in creating jobs and growing sustainable and inclusive businesses. During the event, Investment and Trade Cabinet Minister Moses Kuria, The East African Community (EAC) Council of Ministers are EU Ambassador to Kenya Henriette Geiger, and TradeMark yet to conclude on hosting of the East African Monetary Africa CEO Dave Beer, signed a funding agreement of EUR Institute (EAMI) and other key organs of the bloc. During 25million for the implementation of a five-year Business the 43rd Ordinary Meeting in Bujumbura (Burundi) on Environment and Export Enhancement Programme (BEEEP). 19th – 23rd February 2023, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, and This will facilitate Kenya’s environmentally sustainable Burundi failed to agree as each country requested for more export ecosystem and support the government in creating time for consultations. This is the second time the Partner a conducive business environment. BEEEP will complement States have failed to agree on the host of the proposed the goal of the Integrated National Export Development monetary union headquarters. In 2022, Uganda protested and Promotion Strategy (INEDPS) by increasing agricultural the decision by the EAC verification committee to rank exports by an average of 25 per cent annually and raising Tanzania as the most suitable to host EAMI. The EAC has export earnings by EUR 9 billion, including the greening of 12 organs and institutions. Arusha is the headquarters of transport and logistics. Lastly, a joint declaration between the Secretariat. Similarly, the Secretariat is also hosting the Government of Kenya and the European Investment President Ruto also addressed the Committee of Heads of the East African Legislative Assembly, East African Court of Bank (EIB) was signed to strengthen the cooperation and State and Government on Climate Change on the need to Justice, and East African Competition Authority temporarily accelerate the production of green hydrogen using wind and take stock of the state of climate change, its impacts, and as their headquarters have not been determined. While solar renewable power. The EIB and EU Bank will mobilize effective climate action. Following the successful conclusion Tanzania and Uganda are hosting two EAC institutions each, EUR 1.8 million to support green hydrogen projects and to of the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 27) Kenya, Rwanda, and Burundi host one each. South Sudan provide significant long-term loan financing for the sector. held between 6th and 20th November 2022, he appreciated and the Democratic Republic of Congo are yet to host an Egypt for hosting the event. The President brought to the Regional News EAC institution. To resolve the stalemate, the Council of fore the ravaging drought in the Horn of Africa, noting that Ministers directed the Secretariat to submit an analysis of it has affected food security, water, peace, and security. The EAC’s Proposals on the US Market the distribution of the organs and institutions of the EAC effects of climate change, compounded by the geopolitical Access under AGOA before the next ordinary meeting in mid-2023 to allow for upheavals and high energy prices, have pushed the cost determination on the matter. of essential commodities beyond the reach of millions of The East Africa Community (EAC) is proposing to the United people, further diminishing the resilience of economies States government to make rules governing access to their President William Ruto addresses the still recovering from the COVID-19 pandemic. The President market more flexible under the planned renewal of the 36th AU Summit emphasized using appropriate clean energy technology African Growth Opportunity Act (AGOA). During the Council H.E. President William Ruto made his maiden address at the and green manufacturing to unlock financing from of Ministers meeting in February 2023, the ministers made 36th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of Heads of State innovative sources such as green bonds, climate insurance four new proposals to the Joe Biden administration to and Government of the African Union in Ethiopia on 18th instruments, and the growing African carbon credits market. expand AGOA and make it more effective. The proposals by February 2023 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The President noted To keep with the pledge to advance opportunities in green the EAC include the expansion of the list of AGOA’s products that Africa has the world’s most youthful continent, a clear industrialization and Green Agenda for Africa, President to cover the agro-processing value chain; expand beneficiary indication of the potential for the continent. The President Ruto and the Committee nominated Kenya to host the Africa countries to include non-Sub-Saharan Africa countries affirmed the political will, which saw successful negotiations Climate Summit from the 4th - 6th of September 2023. to ultimately cover the entire AfCFTA; make the rules and 80 per cent ratification of the African Continental governing access to the market of US to be more flexible on AGOA products; and support MSMEs such as youth and women-owned business. The Council of Ministers has also 25 Issue 15, No. 3, January - March 2023 a) Cross Economy Analysis of Models Used for Green Transitions in KIPPRA Collaborative Research Agriculture and Energy Sectors in Kenya 5 Projects The World Resources Institute (WRI) and New Climate Economy (NCE), in collaboration with Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA), are undertaking a study on Cross Economy Analysis of the Models used for Green Transitions in Agriculture and Energy Sectors in Kenya. This study aims to conduct an initial cross-economy analysis scoping exercise to identify opportunities for enhancing climate impact through mitigation and adaptation action at the energy-agriculture nexus. The cross-economy analysis focuses on the agriculture and energy sectors to map out existing modeling and analytical capacities and identify key gaps that need to be filled to inform policy decisions. The analysis will also provide an overview of existing and proposed policies and interventions that can be used to foster a more inclusive green transition and economic recovery for Kenya. The cross-economy analysis will lay the groundwork for future economic modeling and analysis aiming to identify, quantify and select sound economic evidence that will form the basis for the formulation of green transition policies and advise on appropriate investment decisions at the national and county levels under energy and agricultural programmes. The inception report has already been developed, and the fieldwork is complete. KIPPRA, in collaboration with World Resources Institute (WRI), hosted a stakeholder dissemination workshop on cross economy analysis report on the models used in assessing green transitions in agriculture and energy sectors in Kenya. The event on 30th November 2022 brought together representatives from WRI, New Climate Economy, Counties, and stakeholders from the agriculture and energy sectors. b) Development of Public Spending Datasets and Public Spending Analysis in 2022 National Policy and Strategy for Food, Land, and Water Systems (NPS) is a new CGIAR research initiative that will be implemented in Kenya and other countries. The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) has signed a Memorandum of Understanding with both the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) and the Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA). Through NPS, together with Foresight and Metrics Initiative for Food, Land and Water Systems (F&M), IFPRI-Kenya Issue 15, No. 3, January - March 2023 26 a) Cross Economy Analysis of Models office and country modeling team based in IFPRI HQ will Used for Green Transitions in work closely with KIPPRA and KNBS to compile Kenya Agriculture and Energy Sectors public expenditure data to being able to analyze and report in Kenya on trends and composition of spending at national and The World Resources Institute (WRI) and New Climate county level. In this activity, KIPPRA and KNBS will collect, Economy (NCE), in collaboration with Kenya Institute for classify, and compile Kenya’s public expenditure data to be Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA), are undertaking able to analyze and report on trends and composition of a study on Cross Economy Analysis of the Models used for spending at national and county levels. The team has held Green Transitions in Agriculture and Energy Sectors in Kenya. two workshops to disaggregate and compile the data set as This study aims to conduct an initial cross-economy analysis required. The second project under IFPRI is the Development scoping exercise to identify opportunities for enhancing of Kenya’s new social accounting matrix (SAM). Through climate impact through mitigation and adaptation action at NPS, together with Foresight and Metrics Initiative for the energy-agriculture nexus. The cross-economy analysis Food, Land and Water Systems (F&M), IFPRI-Kenya office focuses on the agriculture and energy sectors to map out and country modeling team based in IFPRI HQ will work existing modeling and analytical capacities and identify closely with KIPPRA and KNBS in development of Kenya new key gaps that need to be filled to inform policy decisions. 2019 social accounting matrix (SAM) based on the newly The analysis will also provide an overview of existing and rebased national accounts and new SUT. The 2019 SAM is proposed policies and interventions that can be used to to be officially owned by the KNBS and a 42-sector SAM will foster a more inclusive green transition and economic become a publicly accessible dataset possibly published on recovery for Kenya. The cross-economy analysis will lay the KNBS website by the end of 2022. groundwork for future economic modeling and analysis c) Ukama Ustawi Initiative Diversification aiming to identify, quantify and select sound economic for Resilient Agribusiness Ecosystems evidence that will form the basis for the formulation of green in East and Southern Africa (ESA) transition policies and advise on appropriate investment decisions at the national and county levels under energy and Ukama Ustawi (UU) project is aimed at supporting climate- agricultural programmes. The inception report has already resilient agricultural livelihoods and agribusiness ecosystems been developed, and the fieldwork is complete. in 12 East and Southern Africa countries to help millions KIPPRA, in collaboration with World Resources Institute of vulnerable smallholders’ transition from maize-mixed (WRI), hosted a stakeholder dissemination workshop systems to sustainably intensified, diversified, and de-risked on cross economy analysis report on the models used agrifood systems with a strong maize base. Targeted to in assessing green transitions in agriculture and energy address seven key SDGs, the focus of this initiative is improving sectors in Kenya. The event on 30th November 2022 brought public and private extension and delivery channels enabled together representatives from WRI, New Climate Economy, by the agribusiness ecosystem, enterprise development, Counties, and stakeholders from the agriculture and energy and private investment. KIPPRA, through FANRPAN, is sectors. to coordinate the policy engagement components by undertaking actor and policy mapping exercise of the status b) Development of Public Spending of the country’s policies as far as agriculture, climate change Datasets and Public Spending Analysis and environment and natural resources is concerned and in 2022 convene a national policy dialogue to share the findings of the country policy mapping and other outputs in the work packages. The second component in FANRPAN/KIPPRA collaboration is the ClimBeR project on Building Systemic Resilience against Climate Variability and Extremes Study in Zambia and Kenya. The central objective of ClimBeR project is to transform the climate adaptation capacity of food, land, and water systems in six LMICs, ultimately increasing the resilience of smallholder production systems to withstand severe climate change effects like drought, flooding, and high temperatures. National Policy and Strategy for Food, Land, and Water KIPPRA, through FANRPAN, is expected to coordinate Systems (NPS) is a new CGIAR research initiative that the policy engagement component where it is required to will be implemented in Kenya and other countries. The identify and liaise with in-country stakeholders for Kenya International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) has and identify target policies for the iFEED and organize and signed a Memorandum of Understanding with both the deliver workshops as needed to co-develop policy pathways Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) and the Kenya towards sustainable, resilient, and nutrition-secure futures. Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA). Through NPS, together with Foresight and Metrics Initiative for Food, Land and Water Systems (F&M), IFPRI-Kenya 27 Issue 15, No. 3, January - March 2023 d) Country Economic Transformation while identifying strategies for adequately and appropriately Outlook providing public health services during pandemic. KIPPRA, in collaboration with African Centre for Economic g) Children Sensitive Planning and Transformation (ACET), is working on the Kenya Country Budgeting, Public Finance for Children Economic Transformation Outlook study, whose objective (PF4C): From Evidence to Policy is to undertake a comprehensive diagnostic analysis of Project Kenya’s economic transformation progress and challenges and to offer policy advice to the public and non-state actors. KIPPRA, in collaboration with UNICEF, is providing On 30th November, a stakeholder workshop was conducted technical assistance to county governments to implement to discuss the concept note. The workshop and brought recommendations of the county budget briefs, Public together the public sector, private sector, civil society and Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA), and other stakeholders within the country and Africa at large. poverty profiles for improved service delivery. The Institute The event was graced by KIPPRA Executive Director Dr Rose also supports transitioning UNICEF county-level support Ngugi and ACET Director of Innovation and Digital Policy, Mr to be fully reflected on plans and budgets (including UN Rob Floyd. Women and UNDP support). The Institute has developed seven (7) draft National Budget Briefs (2017/18-2021/22) and e) KIPPRA-AERC Institutional set up a virtual policy centre platform for supporting County Partnership Grant governments. The seven national budget briefs focus on macro public finance management; education and training; KIPPRA has received an Institutional Partnership Grant health; child protection; nutrition; water, sanitation, hygiene; from Africa Economic Research Consortium (AERC) to and social protection. The programme is being implemented build the capacity to conduct research and support human in partnership with CoG, CAF, UNICEF, UN-Women and capital development in Africa (HCA) through institutional UNDP. partnership. The grant aims to build capacity that involves systematic mentoring of young researchers by international h) Youth and Children Dashboard resource persons who are experts in their research fields. This project presents an opportunity from a research perspective KIPPRA and the Executive Office of the President Advisory to establish priority research and investment areas for the and Strategy Unit (PASU) is working on the migration of government, aimed at ensuring that fundamental rights, the employment initiative mapping tool, the youth, and including the right to the highest attainable standard of children dashboard, to be hosted at KIPPRA. KIPPRA, in health; quality education, training, and skills development; partnership with other agencies (Dalberg and Mastercard and freedom from hunger and access to safe, clean water are Foundation developed the Dashboard. KIPPRA shall update attained. The institutional support will cover the following and host the portal on youth and children’s indicators and components: Thematic research on provision and financing support its utilization by the public, Ministries, Departments human capital investment in Kenya; capacity building of and Agencies (MDAs), counties, researchers, policy researchers, strengthening KIPPRA ICT institutional systems, makers, private sector, non-state actors (NSAs) and other including KIPPRA policy virtual centre; strengthening stakeholders. partnerships and collaborations in human capital; capacity building (internal and external); and knowledge i) What Works for Youth Employment in management, dissemination, holding joint workshops and Africa: A Review of Existing Policies policy uptake of recommendation emanating from human and Empirical Analysis Project capital country case studies. Under this grant, KIPPRA will KIPPRA, in collaboration with the Partnership for Economic also implement studies on human capital development. Policy (PEP) and the Mastercard Foundation, is conducting These include: i) The contribution of school and non-school a comprehensive review of youth employment policies and environment on pupil performance: A case for teacher initiatives in Kenya; and of empirical studies on their impact development; ii) Do social assistance interventions foster while identifying and promoting best practices. The project education attainment in Kenya? An empirical perspective; involved understanding the functioning of formal and among others. informal employment institutions in Kenya and, to a large f) Implications of COVID-19 on extent, the Global South. Essential Health Services in Kenya KIPPRA, in collaboration with Partnerships for Economic KIPPRA, in collaboration with Africa Economic Research Policy (PEP) and Master Card Foundation (MCF), held a Consortium (AERC), is researching the short and long-term national conference on 22nd November to present the effects of COVID-19 on Kenya’s health system. KIPPRA findings of a research on “empirical review of youth is developing a research paper addressing the following employment policies in Kenya and interventions towards objectives: Assess the implications of the COVID-19 on addressing youth unemployment: what works?” the delivery of healthcare services, including availability and distribution; the level of preparedness with essential The forum was held through a blended physical and virtual equipment, health workers, medicines; and information in platform and brought together policy makers, civil society, the crisis period. The impact of COVID-19 on the provision of the public sector, the private sector, and other stakeholders public health services amidst the pandemic will be tackled within the country and in the region. Issue 15, No. 3, January - March 2023 28 6 KIPPRA Events 29 Issue 15, No. 3, January - March 2023 Launch of Foresight Africa and Urban The study identified barriers and provided policy b) KIPPRA Mentorship Programme at Area Study Reports interventions to enhance accessibility and infrastructure, Maseno University a) Launch of Foresight Africa 2023 Report business environment, and public sector governance and finance. The event was graced by KIPPRA Board Chair, Dr KIPPRA joined Maseno University fraternity for KIPPRA The Africa Growth Initiative at Brookings Institute, in Benson Ateng’, Executive Director Dr Rose Ngugi, Africa Mentorship Programme for Universities (KMPUs) event on collaboration with KIPPRA launched the Foresight Africa Growth Initiative Director Dr Aloysius Uche Ordu and 8th and 9th March 2023. 2023 report on 16th February 2023 in Nairobi. The report Director of Administration Nairobi City Mr Lucas Ngaruiya. captures the top priorities for the continent in 2023 and offers recommendations for supporting Africa at a time of heightened global turbulence. The launch was graced by Principal Secretary, State Department for Economic Planning Mr James Muhati, KIPPRA Executive Director Dr Rose Ngugi and Africa Growth Initiative Director Dr Aloysius Uche Ordu. b) Launch of Urban Area Study: A Case of Nairobi City Report Maseno University students pose for a group photo with KIPPRA Board Chair Dr Benson Participants follow the proceedings of launch of Ateng(second right) during award certificate at urban economic growth study KMPUs event at Maseno University The event whose main objective is to create awareness and develop the capacity of the university community in Capacity Building Activities understanding the public policy process was attended by a) KIPPRA Mentorship Programme at KIPPRA Board Chair Dr Benson Ateng’, Director Economic Dedan Kimathi University of Science Management Dr Eldah Onsomu who represented Executive and Technology Director Dr Rose Ngugi, Maseno University VC Prof. Julius KIPPRA, in collaboration with Dedan Kimathi University Nyabundi and representatives from National Youth Council, of Science and Technology (DeKUT), hosted the KIPPRA Youth Fund, National Gender and Equality Commission, Mentorship Programme for Universities (KMPUs) on 22nd Directorate of National Cohesion and Values, State and 23rd February 2023. The event brought together DeKUT Department for Economic Planning and NACADA. Executive Director Dr Rose Ngugi makes her students and faculty members and representatives from remarks at the launch of urban economic growth A. Workshops Laikipia University. KMPUs alumni from Pwani and Machakos study, a case of Nairobi city report universities also attended the event. a) Kenya Economic Report 2023 Validation Workshop KIPPRA, in collaboration with African Growth Initiative (AGI) at Brookings Institution, held a stakeholder workshop in Nairobi on 17th February 2023 to launch the report of a study on “Urban Economic Growth in Africa – a Case Study of Nairobi City”. The study identified barriers and provided policy interventions to enhance accessibility and infrastructure, business environment, and public sector governance and finance. The event was graced by KIPPRA Board Chair, Dr Participants keenly follow the proceedings of KER Benson Ateng’, Executive Director Dr Rose Ngugi, Africa 2023 Validation Workshop Growth Initiative Director Dr Aloysius Uche Ordu and Participants pose for a group photo at KMPUs KIPPRA held the Kenya Economic Report 2023 validation Director of Administration Nairobi City Mr Lucas Ngaruiya. event at Dedan Kimathi University of Agriculture and Technolog workshop on 28th February 2023. The theme of the report b) Launch of Urban Area Study: A Case of is “Cost of Living and the Role of Markets”. The objective Nairobi City Report KMPUs strives to create awareness and develop capacity of of the workshop was to share the findings of the draft the University Community in understanding the public policy KIPPRA, in collaboration with African Growth Initiative Kenya Economic Report 2023 with the stakeholders for making process. KIPPRA partnered with the National Youth (AGI) at Brookings Institution, held a stakeholder workshop discussions and suggestions towards finalization of the Council, Youth Enterprise Development Fund, National in Nairobi on 17th February 2023 to launch the report of a report. KIPPRA got valuable input from stakeholders to Gender and Equality Commission, Directorate of National study on “Urban Economic Growth in Africa – a Case Study fine-tune the report before it was submitted to the Cabinet Cohesion and Values, State Department for Planning and the of Nairobi City”. Secretary, National Treasury and Economic Planning by National Authority for the Campaign Against Alcohol and 31st March 2023 as required by law. The workshop brought Drug Abuse (NACADA), SME Support Centre and expert HR together representatives from state and non-state actors. professionals to deliver the programme. The event was graced by KIPPRA Executive Director Dr Rose Ngugi, KIPPRA Board Vice-Chair Ms Christine Wanjala, Board Issue 15, No. 3, January - March 2023 30 The study identified barriers and provided policy b) KIPPRA Mentorship Programme at Programmes Committee Chair Prof. Harrison Maithya and interventions to enhance accessibility and infrastructure, Maseno University Board members Dr Chris Galgallo and Fatuma Hussein. business environment, and public sector governance and finance. The event was graced by KIPPRA Board Chair, Dr KIPPRA joined Maseno University fraternity for KIPPRA b) KIPPRA-WRI Capacity Building Benson Ateng’, Executive Director Dr Rose Ngugi, Africa Mentorship Programme for Universities (KMPUs) event on Workshop on Cross Economy Analysis Growth Initiative Director Dr Aloysius Uche Ordu and 8th and 9th March 2023. Director of Administration Nairobi City Mr Lucas Ngaruiya. Maseno University students pose for a group Participants for a photo after WRI Capacity photo with KIPPRA Board Chair Dr Benson Building workshop Participants follow the proceedings of launch of Ateng(second right) during award certificate at KIPPRA in collaboration with the World Resources Institute urban economic growth study KMPUs event at Maseno University (WRI) held a capacity building workshop on cross economy The event whose main objective is to create awareness analysis from 20th to 24th February 2023 in Mombasa. The and develop the capacity of the university community in workshop which brought together officers from county Capacity Building Activities understanding the public policy process was attended by governments, ministries, departments, and agencies aimed a) KIPPRA Mentorship Programme at KIPPRA Board Chair Dr Benson Ateng’, Director Economic at bridging the capacity gap identified by cross economy Dedan Kimathi University of Science Management Dr Eldah Onsomu who represented Executive analysis report. The gaps include data skills gap, data analysis and Technology Director Dr Rose Ngugi, Maseno University VC Prof. Julius gap and modelling skills gap. KIPPRA, in collaboration with Dedan Kimathi University Nyabundi and representatives from National Youth Council, The participants were taken through use of statistical of Science and Technology (DeKUT), hosted the KIPPRA Youth Fund, National Gender and Equality Commission, softwares such as SSP, STATA and EViews for data analysis Mentorship Programme for Universities (KMPUs) on 22nd Directorate of National Cohesion and Values, State and 23rd February 2023. The event brought together DeKUT Department for Economic Planning and NACADA. to support green transition in the country, both at national and county level. Moreover, the participants were students and faculty members and representatives from A. Workshops introduced to modelling for green transition. The trainers Laikipia University. KMPUs alumni from Pwani and Machakos a) Kenya Economic Report 2023 took the participants through KIPPRA Treasury Macro universities also attended the event. Validation Workshop Model (KTMM), Supply Side Model and Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Model. KTMM is a macroeconomic model for the Kenyan economy and a vital tool in planning and policy making process. c) KIPPRA Capacity Builds Eswatini Economic Policy Analysis and Research Centre Staff Participants keenly follow the proceedings of KER 2023 Validation Workshop Participants pose for a group photo at KMPUs event at Dedan Kimathi University of Agriculture KIPPRA held the Kenya Economic Report 2023 validation and Technolog workshop on 28th February 2023. The theme of the report is “Cost of Living and the Role of Markets”. The objective KMPUs strives to create awareness and develop capacity of of the workshop was to share the findings of the draft the University Community in understanding the public policy Kenya Economic Report 2023 with the stakeholders for making process. KIPPRA partnered with the National Youth discussions and suggestions towards finalization of the Council, Youth Enterprise Development Fund, National report. KIPPRA got valuable input from stakeholders to Gender and Equality Commission, Directorate of National fine-tune the report before it was submitted to the Cabinet Cohesion and Values, State Department for Planning and the Secretary, National Treasury and Economic Planning by Participants engage in group discussions at the National Authority for the Campaign Against Alcohol and 31st March 2023 as required by law. The workshop brought training of ESEPARC staff on public policy making Drug Abuse (NACADA), SME Support Centre and expert HR together representatives from state and non-state actors. process by KIPPRA professionals to deliver the programme. The event was graced by KIPPRA Executive Director Dr Rose Ngugi, KIPPRA Board Vice-Chair Ms Christine Wanjala, Board 31 Issue 15, No. 3, January - March 2023 A team of KIPPRA staff led by Senior Policy Analysts Dr Eliud Representative, Kenya Dr Tobias Rasmussen, and UNU- KIPPRA participated in the Asian Forum on Global Moyi and Joshua Laichena trained Eswatini Economic Policy WIDER Director Prof Kunal Sen. Governance (AFGG) and Raisina Dialogues in New Delhi, Analysis and Research Centre (ESEPARC) staff on public India. The Institute was represented by Ms Vivian Omariba, policy making process from 30th January to 3rd February Dr Ngugi underscored the importance of savings and a Young Professional. AFGG is an annual ten-day policy 2023 in Mbabane, Kingdom of Eswatini. noted that although savings by Kenyans remains low the workshop jointly organized by the Observer Research The training gave ESEPARC staff an opportunity to gain an government has taken initiatives such as liberalizing the Foundation (ORF), India and ZEIT-Stiftung Ebelin und Gerd indepth understanding of public policy making process and financial sector through interest rate policy and commitment Bucerius, Germany. Each year, the forum brings together 50- tools of policy analysis. ESEPARC is a semi-autonomous entity to fiscal sustainability to increase domestic savings. 60 young leaders from diverse backgrounds, geographies, that was established to build sustainable national capacity in and sectors. public policy in Eswatini. g) Kisumu Local Economic Development Plan Workshop The forum aims to foster leadership qualities and to serve d) CGE Modelling Workshop as a networking platform that helps them establish lasting KIPPRA Policy Analysts participated in a training workshop international relationships. on Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) from 30th E. Symposium January to 3rd February 2023. The training was facilitated by Dr Emanuele Ferrari and Dr Victor Nechifor from EU a) 2nd Youth Symposium on Climate Commission’s Joint Research Centre. The training was also Change attended by KIPPRA Director Integrated Development, Dr KIPPRA, in collaboration with Kenya Youth Climate Moses Muthinja, and Director Economic Management, Dr Directorate, hosted the 2nd youth symposium on climate Eldah Onsomu. CGE is a vital model in policy analysis. change on 2nd and 3rd February 2023 at Kenya School of e) Ukama Ustawi “Pause and Reflect” Government, Nairobi. Themed “Reflections from COP27: Workshop Sustaining Youth Participation in Climate Adaptation for Africa’s Growth”, the symposium brought together youths KIPPRA participated in Ukama Ustawi “Pause and Reflect” working in climate change to exchange views on how they Workshop in Johannesburg, South Africa. The Institute was can amplify their voices, strengthen their movement, reflect represented by Director Integrated Management, Dr Moses KIPPRA staff pose for a photo with Kisumu County on resolutions of COP27 and work towards collective action Muthinja. staff during Kisumun Local DevelopmenT plan in climate adaptation initiatives for Africa’s growth. Workshop The workshop brought together Ukama Ustawi partners and provided an opportunity for reconnecting, reflection, follow- A team of KIPPRA staff led by Principal Policy Analyst, Dr up on 2022 kick-off resolutions, and realignment of work Humphrey Njogu, participated in Kisumu Local Economic plans for 2023. The Ukama Ustawi (UU) is a CGIAR initiative Development Plan workshop in Kisumu County on 4th and that was launched in 2022 and led by the International Water 5th March 2023. KIPPRA is the lead consultant in developing Management Institute (IWMI) to support climate-resilient the economic plan for the county. The workshop was also agricultural livelihoods and agribusiness ecosystems in 12 attended by Dr Caroline Karugu, the lead data consultant Eastern and Southern Africa countries. and Kisumu County staff. h) Asian Forum on Global Governance (AFGG) and Raisina Dialogues Participants pose for a group photo at the 2nd Youth Symposium The event was graced by Principal Secretary, State Department for Economic Planning, Mr James Muhati, KIPPRA Executive Director Dr Rose Ngugi, Deputy Permanent Representative to UNEP Mr Danny Rahdiansyah and Mr Hurdson Thomas, Executive Director from the Youth Greenspace Action and Network. B. Partnerships and Courtesy Visits KIPPRA Director Integrated Development Dr Moses a) KIPPRA Senior Management Meets PS Economic Planning Muthinja (front row far right) poses for a photo with other participants FANRPAN_Ukama-Ustawi Workshop KIPPRA senior management staff, led by Executive Director Dr Rose Ngugi, met the Principal Secretary, State Department f) UNU-WIDER Webinar on the Potential of for Economic Planning Mr James Muhati on 23rd January Domestic Savings in the Global South 2023 at the Treasury Building. The meeting, which was a follow-up to PS’s recent familiarization tour to KIPPRA, gave Executive Director Dr Rose Ngugi addressed a webinar on Ms Vivian Omariba poses for a photo at the Asian the management staff an opportunity to apprise the PS on the potential of domestic savings in the Global South on Forum the state of the Institute’s finances and human resources. 8th February 2023. The webinar, which was organized by The PS promised to support KIPPRA in delivering its mandate UNU-WIDER, was graced by CS, The National Treasury and and lauded the Institute for its role in public policy research Economic Planning Prof. Njuguna Ndung’u, IMF Resident Issue 15, No. 3, January - March 2023 32 KIPPRA participated in the Asian Forum on Global and analysis. The PS underscored the importance of the Governance (AFGG) and Raisina Dialogues in New Delhi, KIPPRA-Treasury Macro Model (KTMM) in the achievement India. The Institute was represented by Ms Vivian Omariba, of the bottom-up economic plan. a Young Professional. AFGG is an annual ten-day policy workshop jointly organized by the Observer Research Foundation (ORF), India and ZEIT-Stiftung Ebelin und Gerd Bucerius, Germany. Each year, the forum brings together 50- 60 young leaders from diverse backgrounds, geographies, and sectors. The forum aims to foster leadership qualities and to serve as a networking platform that helps them establish lasting international relationships. E. Symposium a) 2nd Youth Symposium on Climate Change KIPPRA, in collaboration with Kenya Youth Climate KIPPRA Executive Director Dr Rose Ngugi (centre), Directorate, hosted the 2nd youth symposium on climate PS Economic Planning Mr James Muhati(right) change on 2nd and 3rd February 2023 at Kenya School of and Dr Aloysius Urdu, Director Africa Growth Government, Nairobi. Themed “Reflections from COP27: Intiative pose for a photo with the launch Africa Sustaining Youth Participation in Climate Adaptation for Foresight Report Africa’s Growth”, the symposium brought together youths working in climate change to exchange views on how they can amplify their voices, strengthen their movement, reflect b) Pakistan Officers’ Foreign Study Tour on resolutions of COP27 and work towards collective action of KIPPRA in climate adaptation initiatives for Africa’s growth. Visitors from the National Management College of Pakistan had a meeting with KIPPRA’s Trade and Foreign Policy Department and Private Sector Development Department on 10th January 2023. The objective of the meeting was to give insights on KIPPRA’s key functions in public policy research and analysis and sharing of findings and recommendations with stakeholders. Participants pose for a group photo at the 2nd Youth Symposium The event was graced by Principal Secretary, State Department for Economic Planning, Mr James Muhati, KIPPRA Executive Director Dr Rose Ngugi, Deputy Permanent Representative to UNEP Mr Danny Rahdiansyah and Mr Hurdson Thomas, Executive Director from the Youth Greenspace Action and Network. B. Partnerships and Courtesy Visits Staff from National Management College of a) KIPPRA Senior Management Meets PS Pakistan pose for a group photo with KIPPRA staff Economic Planning during the courtesy call KIPPRA senior management staff, led by Executive Director Dr Rose Ngugi, met the Principal Secretary, State Department The KIPPRA team was led by Dr Moses Muthinja, Director, for Economic Planning Mr James Muhati on 23rd January Integrated Development. The meeting was also attended 2023 at the Treasury Building. The meeting, which was a Ms Ambreen Raza, Head of Delegation of the 117th Pakistan follow-up to PS’s recent familiarization tour to KIPPRA, gave National Management Course and Mr Mohammed Junaid the management staff an opportunity to apprise the PS on Wazir, Deputy Head of Mission, Pakistan High Commission the state of the Institute’s finances and human resources. and other senior officials from the Ministry of Foreign and The PS promised to support KIPPRA in delivering its mandate Diaspora Affairs. and lauded the Institute for its role in public policy research 33 Issue 15, No. 3, January - March 2023 c) KIPPRA Hosts Visitors from Chicago C. Other Institute Activities Institute of Health Research and Policy a) Training on Effective Public Complaints Officers from the Chicago Institute of Health Research and Management Policy visited KIPPRA and held a meeting with two directors KIPPRA Corruption Prevention Committee participated on 12th January 2023. The objective of the meeting was to in a training on effective public complaints management explore collaboration and partnership in policy research and Access to Information Act, 2016 on 13th March 2023 on alcohol, tobacco and taxation and the incorporation in Machakos County. The training which was facilitated by of all partners, including civil society. The KIPPRA team staff from Commission on Administrative Justice was also was represented by Dr Eldah Onsomu, Director, Economic attended by KIPPRA Executive Director, Dr Rose Ngugi. Management and Dr Moses Muthinja, Director, Integrated Development. b) Training on Contemporary Public Administration The Chicago Institute of Health Research and Policy team was led by Dr Jacque Drope and Dr Jeff Drope. University of Chicago has been working closely with research organizations to provide evidence to inform policies. The university uses simulation models to understand the effect of taxation on price, consumption of alcohol, tobacco and its implication on finance and health. d) KIPPRA Signs MOU with APSEA KIPPRA signed an MOU with the Association of Professional Societies of East Africa (APSEA) on mutual areas of collaboration on 27th January 2023 in Nairobi. The signing ceremony of the MOU was graced by KIPPRA Executive Director Dr Rose Ngugi and APSEA Chairman Mr Felix Owaga Okatch. Management staff pose for a group after the training in Israel Eight KIPPRA Senior Management Staff and Deputy Directors attended a training on contemporary public administration at the Galilee International Management Institute in Israel from 3rd to 12th March 2023. The programme equips public sector professionals with the knowledge and skills needed to effectively manage public organizations and provide high- quality public services. c) Economy wide CGE Modelling with DEMETRA Training KIPPRA staff participated in a training on economy wide CGE modelling with DEMETRA “Application to Sub-Saharan KIPPRA Executive Dr Rose Ngugi (right) pose for Africa” at European Commission Joint Research Centre a photo with APSEA Chair Felix Okatch during the in Seville City, Spain from 11th to 18th March 2023. CGE siging of the MOU modelling is a powerful tool for economic analysis, and is used by policy makers, researchers, and analysts to inform APSEA is an umbrella body of professionals from East Africa decision-making and assess the potential impacts of policy whose members are drawn from diverse disciplines including changes. agriculture, accounting, architecture, law and medicine among others. e) Senior Technical Secretary at NCEA visits KIPPRA KIPPRA hosted Senior Technical Secretary at Netherlands Commission for Environmental Assessment (NCEA) Dr Arend Kolhoff and Mr Peter Odhengo from The National Treasury. The team was received by Director Economic Management Dr Eldah Onsomu on behalf of Executive Director Dr Rose Ngugi. Discussions centred on partnerships in mainstreaming the Disaster Risk Management Tool into the Counties KIPPRA-staff-pose-for-a-group-with-staff-from- Development Plans (CIDPs). JRC-after-CGE-training-in-Spain Issue 15, No. 3, January - March 2023 34 C. Other Institute Activities a) Training on Effective Public Complaints Management KIPPRA Corruption Prevention Committee participated in a training on effective public complaints management and Access to Information Act, 2016 on 13th March 2023 in Machakos County. The training which was facilitated by staff from Commission on Administrative Justice was also attended by KIPPRA Executive Director, Dr Rose Ngugi. b) Training on Contemporary Public Administration D. Upcoming Events a) Kenya Think Tank Symposium Management staff pose for a group after the training in Israel KIPPRA in collaboration with Kenyan Think Tanks Forum will hold 4th Kenya Think Symposium on 27th April 2023 in Nairobi. The theme of the symposium is “Mobilizing Eight KIPPRA Senior Management Staff and Deputy Directors African Think Tanks for Effective Climate Negotiations: The Road to COP28”. attended a training on contemporary public administration at the Galilee International Management Institute in Israel b) 6th KIPPRA Annual Regional from 3rd to 12th March 2023. The programme equips public Conference sector professionals with the knowledge and skills needed KIPPRA will hold its 6th Annual Regional Conference from 21st to 23rd June 2023 at to effectively manage public organizations and provide high- Pwani University, in Kilifi County. The conference aims to explore how the country quality public services. can accelerate economic growth and development for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands c) Economy wide CGE Modelling with (ASALs) in Kenya. The conference will provide a platform to discuss progress made, DEMETRA Training opportunities to exploit and forging a common front to accelerate economic growth of ASALs. KIPPRA staff participated in a training on economy wide CGE modelling with DEMETRA “Application to Sub-Saharan Africa” at European Commission Joint Research Centre in Seville City, Spain from 11th to 18th March 2023. CGE modelling is a powerful tool for economic analysis, and is used by policy makers, researchers, and analysts to inform decision-making and assess the potential impacts of policy changes. KIPPRA-staff-pose-for-a-group-with-staff-from- JRC-after-CGE-training-in-Spain 35 Issue 15, No. 3, January - March 2023 ABOUT KIPPRA The Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA) is an autonomous institute whose primary mission is to conduct public policy research leading to policy advice. KIPPRA’s mission is to produce consistently high-quality analysis of key issues of public policy and to contribute to the achievement of national long-term development objectives by positively influencing the decision making process. These goals are met through effective dissemination of recommendations resulting from analysis and by training policy analysts in the public and private sectors. KIPPRA therefore produces a body of well-researched and documented information on public policy, and in the process assists in formulating long-term strategic perspectives. KIPPRA serves as a centralized source from which the Government and the private sector may obtain information and advice on public policy issues. Send to us your comments on the articles published in this newsletter and any other aspects that may help to make the KIPPRA Policy Monitor useful to you. This may include policy issues you would like KIPPRA to prioritize. Bishops Garden Towers, Bishops Road PO Box 56445, Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254 20 2719933/4; Fax: +254 20 2719951 Email: monitor@kippra.or.ke Website: http://www.kippra.org Twitter: @kipprakenya Get your Copy from KIPPRA Now!