Mombasa County Climate Action Plan 2023 – 2050 Foreword i Climate change is a global development challenge that requires global response. In recent decades, there has been an increase in frequency and intensity of extreme climate events such as droughts and floods, which pose a challenge to the attainment of Kenya’s development aspirations. In the response toward climate change There is need of mainstreaming of climate smart actions that promote low carbon climate resilient and green economy/ growth development to ensure that investments are climate proofed against climate change related in addition, the mainstreaming will ensure that development in the different socio-economic sectors does not adversely impact on the environment. My government acknowledge the need to enhance institution capacity of the county on climate change adaptation and mitigation in the effort to reduced climate risk to the community and infrastructure, this will play a vital role in building local momentum in addressing climate change, supporting ongoing efforts to enhance the County’s resilience. To achieve climate resilience county, it requires strong political leadership and partnership between all levels of government; allocation of appropriate human, technical and financial resources; establishment of long-term objective going beyond political mandate; Inclusive engagement of relevant stakeholders; and empowerment of citizens and specific support of to community most vulnerable to the impact of climate change. Upon realization of climate smart city, it is very key to support low carbon pathway, Mombasa County commits 1-2% financing locally led climate actions to implement locally interventions and establishing of enabling environment for public private partnership on green investments. H.E. Abdulswamad Sharif Nassir The Governor County Government of Mombasa Acknowledgement ii Mombasa County Climate change Action plan twenty five-year plan that prioritize action on achieving climate change adaptation and mitigation. The action plan is meant to guide implementation of climate change actions towards strengthening resilience towards the impact of climate change. The county government realizes the urgency with which it needs to respond to the challenges brought about by climate change. This action plan provides a pathway towards more sustainable and resilient institutions and communities in the face of climate change. The process of county climate change action plan involved relevant department, civil society organizations, Community based organization and youth groups. In the effort to have participatory engagement to allow the prioritization of actions through active stakeholder engagement and call for partners to take active role in support the implementation of the plan. This activity was funded by the City Climate Finance Gap Fund, a Multi-Donor Trust Fund with support from the Governments of Germany and Luxembourg. The development of the document was led by World bank Kenya, Ricardo, technical staff from climate change unit, interdepartmental effort, Kenya climate change working group. Emmily A. Okello County Executive Committee Member Department of Water, Natural Resources and Climate resilience. Table of contents 4 i Foreword ii Acknowledgement 5 Vision and Goal 7 Mombasa’s Climate Change Context 8 Evidence Base Taking Stock of Greenhouse Gas Emissions GHG Projections for Mombasa Mombasa’s Climate Change Impacts Context Assessing Potential Climate Impacts In Mombasa 16 Mombasa’s Climate Actions Ready to Implement Actions Transformation of Mombasa County to a Low Carbon Economy Enhancing Adaptation and Building Resilience Of Mombasa County 30 Moving Forward: Call to Action 31 Glossary of terms Table of Contents Vision and Goal 5 Vision and Goal Mombasa’s unique geographic and demographic context offers it a prominent role in the ongoing fight against climate change. As such, it faces tangible challenges brought on by a changing climate, including recurrent flooding and severe weather events. These climate-related adversities continue to negatively impact its population, economy, and biodiversity, highlighting the need for urgent, context-driven climate action. Recognising the vulnerabilities of its key sectors, Mombasa is actively committed to enhancing its resilience. As such, this effort aims to ensure more than just disaster risk reduction; that is, it looks to build a county which thrives even amidst the challenges posed by climate change. To this end, Mombasa’s Climate Action Plan (CAP) embodies its dedication to bolstering its resilience while aligning with broader national and international climate objectives, including the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN-SDGs). Similarly, to showcase its leadership and dedication to a comprehensive global climate solution, Mombasa County has recently pledged its commitment to the Global Covenant of Mayors. Through this commitment, the county shares a unified vision for the year 2050, which encompasses the development of a comprehensive inventory of greenhouse gas emissions, a thorough assessment of climate risks, the establishment of quantifiable emissions reduction targets, ambitious climate adaptation objectives, and the implementation of a Climate Action Plan in harmony with the Paris Agreement. Figure 1 Mombasa’s vision to 2050 This image was created with the assistance of DALL·E 3 Vision and Goal 6 Mombasa envisions itself as a beacon of resilience and adaptability, rooted in sustainable practices that safeguard its residents against climate adversities while nurturing their well-being and prosperity. With a keen focus on mitigation, resilience, and adaptation, Mombasa aspires to be a shining example in the journey towards a more sustainable tomorrow. The development of this climate vision involved an inclusive and collaborative process that effectively involved a wide array of stakeholders. With inclusivity and equity as guiding principles, stakeholder consultations were thoughtfully organised, making sure to employ diverse methods such as sector-specific meetings, workshops, and online surveys to ensure that all voices were heard. These efforts not only gathered insights on climate priorities and channelled the collective wisdom and aspirations of Mombasa’s residents into the vision, but also nurtured a shared sense of ownership and dedication towards it. Figure 2 Mombasa’s mitigation and adaptation vision https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/searching-for-a-new-kenya/history-of-publics-in-mombasa/412D87B2EA8397EB 7BB6B11F211AD094 Not all mitigation measures could be modelled This image was created with the assistance of DALL·E 3 Mombasa’s Climate Change Context 7 Mombasa’s Mombasa, Kenya, situated on the Indian Ocean coast, boasts a unique geographical context featuring coastal plains, hilly areas, and a picturesque Indian Ocean shoreline. Climate Its climate is shaped by monsoon winds, leading to both long and short rainy seasons. The city’s diverse ecosystem includes coconut trees, mangroves, and a variety of fish species. With a population of approximately 1.6 million, Mombasa has a predominantly Change youthful demographic living in informal settlements due to challenges related to formal land tenure. Access to safe drinking water and sanitation remains a concern, Context exacerbated by groundwater over-extraction causing saltwater intrusion. The city’s reliance on multiple energy sources and transportation contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. Mombasa serves as a bustling trade and tourism hub, featuring a rapidly growing informal sector, smart farming practices, and fishing, all playing significant roles in the local economy. The city anticipates future trends such as rapid urbanization, economic growth, increased technology adoption, improved infrastructure, and shifting demographics, which will impact its climate change action plan. Figure 3. Mombasa City County https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/searching-for-a-new-kenya/history-of-publics-in-momb asa/412D87B2EA8397EB7BB6B11F211AD094 Mombasa’s legislative and institutional framework for addressing climate change is firmly rooted in Kenya’s Constitution of 2010, emphasizing sustainability and environmental conservation. The County Governments Act of 2012 mandates climate change measures in County Integrated Development Plans (CIDPs), ensuring budgetary provisions for climate initiatives at the county level. The National Climate Change Act of 2016 coordinates national-level climate change efforts and establishes the Climate Change Fund, which has the potential to finance county-level initiatives. Furthermore, the recent Climate Change (Amendment) Act of 2023 enhances climate financing activities. Mombasa has developed its own Climate Change Policy, aligning national directives with local realities and envisioning a climate-resilient city that prioritizes local collaboration and data-driven decision-making. The Mombasa County Climate Change Action Plan for 2020-2024 aligns with this national legislation and aims to strengthen the city’s capacity for climate change adaptation and mitigation, featuring specific objectives and detailed project plans. Evidence Base 8 Evidence Taking Stock of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Base Compiling a GHG inventory is an essential step in the CAP development process. Mombasa’s inventory was compiled for the year 2019 and its boundary includes all of Mombasa County, which covers a land area of 151 km2 and six parliamentary constituencies – Changamwe, Jomvu, Kisauni, Nyali, Likoni, and Mvita. Mombasa’s GHG inventory was developed in accordance with global best practices, making it compliant with the Global Protocol for Community Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories (GPC). Mombasa’s total GHG emissions in the stationary energy, transport and waste sectors amounted to 1,782 ktCO2e in 2019. When industrial processes and product use, livestock, and aviation (i.e., BASIC+ sources) were included, the emissions estimate rose to 2,210 ktCO2e. Likewise, when including the port, emissions rose to 2,745 ktCO2e (BASIC+ plus other scope 3) (Figure 2). Direct emissions from owned or controlled sources in Mombasa show significant contributions from various sectors. The transportation sector is the dominant contributor, accounting for 48.90% of the total Scope 1 emissions, mainly driven by on-road transportation. Following closely is the waste sector, representing 28.61% of the emissions, primarily from waste generated within the city. The stationary energy sector, contributes 6.04%, while the IPPU (Industrial Processes and Product Uses) sector constitutes 15.67%. The AFOLU (Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use) sector has a minimal contribution at 0.77%, mainly from livestock and related activities. Collectively, these emissions provide insights into the areas with the highest direct greenhouse gas emissions, indicating potential focal points for mitigation strategies. The GPC distinguishes between emissions that physically occur within the city (scope 1), from those that occur outside the city but are driven by activities taking place within the city’s boundaries (scope 3), from those that occur from the use of electricity, steam, and/ or heating/cooling supplied by grids which may or may not cross city boundaries (scope 2). Figure 4 GHG Emissions in Mombasa by sector (scope 1 - 2019) Evidence Base 9 Figure 5: GHG Emissions by sector (2019) Scope 1 emissions represent direct emissions from owned facilities, amounting to 47,719.38 and 47,393.42 metric or controlled sources and provide valuable insights into tonnes CO2e, respectively. Notably, certain energy Mombasa’s GHG emission profile. The sectoral breakdown industries and energy generation for the grid have been below refers to the scope 1 emissions of Mombasa: excluded from this contribution. 1. Transportation Sector (49% of emissions): 4. IPPU (Industrial Processes and Product Uses) Sector The transportation sector stands out as the most (16% of emissions): significant contributor, accounting for nearly half of the The IPPU sector showcases significant emissions, with total Scope 1 emissions. The bulk of these emissions, industrial processes within the city boundary alone amounting to 936,116.58 metric tonnes CO2e, comes emitting 246,010.36 metric tonnes CO2e. This indicates from on-road transportation, emphasizing the heavy the presence of considerable industrial activity in reliance on road transport in Mombasa. Mombasa, impacting its emission profile. 2. Waste Sector (29% of emissions): 5. AFOLU (Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use) The waste sector is the second-highest contributor, Sector (1% of emissions): driven predominantly by waste generated within the The AFOLU sector, while contributing the least to the city. Solid waste alone contributes a staggering 323,196 total, is primarily driven by emissions from livestock, metric tonnes CO2e, making it an essential area to target amounting to 15,285.03 metric tonnes CO2e. This figure for emission reductions. suggests a comparatively lower impact of agricultural activities on the city’s direct emissions. 3. Stationary Energy Sector (6% of emissions): Contributions from the stationary energy sector are mainly from residential buildings and commercial Evidence Base 10 GHG Projections for Mombasa Figure 6 below shows the results from the modelling undertaken for Mombasa. The modelling was undertaken in C40’s pathways tool following an “existing and planned” approach, meaning that all measures that have been captured in the tool are either already in place of have been planned in official strategy or policy documents. Most of these were taken from the national level and scaled to Mombasa using the appropriate scaling factors. Figure 6 Emissions Reductions Scenario for Mombasa (Existing and Planned Measures)4 The top line on the graph shows the baseline forecast, by 2030, emphasizing the city’s dedication to sustainable illustrating how emissions would develop without any energy. additional measures in place. The increase in emissions is a result of GDP and population growth figures. The areas • Buildings and Energy: The focus here is on certifying below the graph show the reductions from the measures new buildings as green structures to enhance energy in each sector. It should be noted that AFOLU emissions efficiency and transition to environmentally friendly reductions measures weren’t modelled as there is no refrigerants. While the plan prioritizes sustainability comprehensive emissions baseline for this sector due to in new constructions, specific retrofitting targets for lack of data availability. existing buildings are yet to be defined. The sections below outline the specific actions and sources for each sector. • Transport: Addressing emissions from the transport sector due to urbanization and growth, the plan • Electricity Generation: The plan underscores advocates for non-motorized transport facilities, Kenya’s commitment to a renewable-powered grid, electrification of motorcycles, and stricter vehicle with substantial progress already achieved. Future emission standards. It recommends a transition to projections envision a gradual shift towards nearly electric vehicles and the electrification of the standard complete reliance on renewable energy sources by gauge railway for more significant emissions reduction. 2050. To accelerate this transition, Mombasa plans to add significant capacity in geothermal, solar, and wind • Waste: Emissions reductions in waste management power by 2028. The ultimate aim is a zero-emission grid are to be achieved by source segregation and waste Evidence Base 11 reduction. Challenges include a low waste recovery rate • Agriculture: The plan aligns with Kenya’s ambitious goal and the need to address wastewater emissions as the of establishing agroforestry practices. While a specific city works toward its goal of a 73% reduction in waste share is assigned to Mombasa, the high-level assessment sector emissions by 2027. may require further viability assessments. Additionally, the plan suggests considering soil improvement • Industry: Cement production, a significant emitter, is measures for sustainable agriculture. the primary focus in the industrial sector. Measures aim to improve energy efficiency, promote circular • Forestry: In the forestry sector, efforts centre around economy practices, and encourage green building rehabilitating mangrove forests and tree planting. design, although increased cement demand may pose Mombasa is allocated a share for mangrove restoration challenges. and potential woodland planting, with the understanding that species selection and maintenance are pivotal for carbon sequestration and environmental benefits. Mombasa’s Climate Change Impacts Context Kenya has observed shifts in its annual and extreme • This intensification may elevate the risk of flooding and temperature patterns, rainfall distribution, prolonged landslides due to heavy, sudden, and extreme rainfall. droughts, increased occurrence of severe weather events such as storms, and outbreaks of diseases. While these • Sea level rise: Likewise, the sea level is forecasted to rise hazards manifest differently across the country, Mombasa for the East African Coast, potentially heightening the County, located along the southeastern coast, stands out probability of coastal flooding and storm surges. due to its characteristic high temperatures and humidity. Consequently, Mombasa’s climate exhibits extremes in • Extreme heat: Lastly, extreme temperatures are temperature, precipitation, flooding, and storm events. As projected to consistently increase throughout the such, five primary climate-related hazards hold particular century, with maximum daily temperatures reaching significance for Mombasa: drought, flooding, sea-level rise, between 38°C and 40°C and notably, there’s a significant extreme heat, and landslides. increase in the number of days exceeding 35°C. • Droughts: The projection data indicates that the duration The collective picture is that Mombasa’s climate will of droughts and precipitation events is expected to undergo a shift towards greater extremes. This entails increase. prolonged periods of higher temperatures and heat extremes, heightened intensity of precipitation events, and • Precipitation: Additionally, precipitation events are the encroachment of sea levels along the coastline expected to intensify, as demonstrated by an increase in the largest monthly cumulative precipitation. Evidence Base 12 Assessing Potential Climate Impacts In Mombasa Climate-related Capital  Sector   Impacts  Mombasa County has a long history of feeling the effects of climate impacts associated with growing climate hazards, Given that hazard  the projections above indicate that Mombasa’s susceptibility towards climate hazards and therefore impacts will only increase in the future, it is imperative to assess the potential future impacts of climate change in Mombasa. Doing so will allow the county Immediate risk to life from extreme flooding events and chronic risk to identify adaptation measures and priority areas of intervention to bolster its resilience. Health   to health from persistent flooding or contamination from flooding events through the spread of water-borne disease   The following table highlights the results of a Rapid climate risk assessment (CRA) that was based upon the county’s earlier participatory CCRA. It identifies the potential impacts across sectors, associated with each of the five key climate-related Mombasa's informal settlements are located in areas of rapid hazards relevant to Mombasa. Human settlements  urbanisation with little drainage and are built on reclaimed wetlands, which possess little to no flood protection, leading to damage to Table 1: Potential impacts of five key climate-related hazards across sectors in Mombasa settlements and risk to life   Climate-related Social  hazard  Capital  Sector   Impacts  Water resources  Contamination of water resources and water infrastructure leading to reduction in clean water availability   Drought induced food and water insecurity, increasing potential for Health   malnutrition and poor health, increasing likelihood of spreading Education  Disruption from flooding can reduce the attendance of schools, disease   particularly for those in poverty and early-years education   Social  Education  Drought induced insecurity can reduce the attendance of schools, Waste  Contamination of natural and domestic spaces from flood-induced particularly for those in poverty and early-years education   pollution   Natural resources  Contamination and damage to natural resources, soil erosion, Natural resources   Reduction in freshwater resources leading to biodiversity loss  leading to water and food insecurity, and biodiversity loss  Natural  Flooding  Natural  Water resources  Contamination of rivers and fresh water sources through siltation and pollution spread  Water resources  Reduction in fresh water and ground water resources leading to water insecurity and soil instability   Agriculture & Damage to urban farming, leading to food insecurity, and risk to livestock  life for urban livestock (cattle, sheep, goats), ultimately causing Drought  disruption to food production and trade  Agriculture & Reduction in agriculture yield and reduction in water availability for livestock  rearing of cattle, sheep, and goats   Transport & Disruption to transport, leading to loss of business and prevention of infrastructure  economic activity   Kenya possesses hydro-electric generation capacity. Mombasa's Energy  energy supply has been disrupted due to occurrences of drought in-land. This could lead to black outs and loss of energy supply from outside of the county.   Energy  Damage to energy supply infrastructure causing black-outs   Economic  Economic  Tourism  Sustained drought may discourage tourists from visiting the Mombasa coast  Fisheries  Contamination of coastal ecosystems through run-off into oceans, affecting abundance of fish catch   Flooding events can discourage tourists from visiting the coast due Tourism  to disruption in transport, damage to natural spaces, and unpleasant Decreased availability of fresh water, increasing reliance and demand conditions  Water resources  for desalinated water, and may also increase the operational cost of water services  Infrastructure  Damage to infrastructure through immediate damage and long-term degradation  Evidence Base 13 Climate-related hazard  Capital  Sector   Impacts  Immediate risk to life from extreme flooding events and chronic risk Health   to health from persistent flooding or contamination from flooding events through the spread of water-borne disease   Mombasa's informal settlements are located in areas of rapid Human settlements  urbanisation with little drainage and are built on reclaimed wetlands, which possess little to no flood protection, leading to damage to settlements and risk to life   Social  Water resources  Contamination of water resources and water infrastructure leading to reduction in clean water availability   Education  Disruption from flooding can reduce the attendance of schools, particularly for those in poverty and early-years education   Waste  Contamination of natural and domestic spaces from flood-induced pollution   Natural resources  Contamination and damage to natural resources, soil erosion, leading to water and food insecurity, and biodiversity loss  Natural  Flooding  Water resources  Contamination of rivers and fresh water sources through siltation and pollution spread  Agriculture & Damage to urban farming, leading to food insecurity, and risk to livestock  life for urban livestock (cattle, sheep, goats), ultimately causing disruption to food production and trade  Transport & Disruption to transport, leading to loss of business and prevention of infrastructure  economic activity   Energy  Damage to energy supply infrastructure causing black-outs   Economic  Fisheries  Contamination of coastal ecosystems through run-off into oceans, affecting abundance of fish catch   Flooding events can discourage tourists from visiting the coast due Tourism  to disruption in transport, damage to natural spaces, and unpleasant conditions  Infrastructure  Damage to infrastructure through immediate damage and long-term degradation  Evidence Base 14 Climate-related hazard  Capital  Sector   Impacts  Climate-related hazard  Capital  Sector   Impacts  Damage to settlements located on coast, specifically those located Human settlements   around Mombasa port which are close to sea level and small Human settlements   Rapid urbanisation and removal of green spaces contribute to estuaries   increasing urban heat island effect, emphasised by extreme heat  Damage to mangrove forests which are the focus of many Social  Mangroves and conservation programmes, currently engaging local vulnerable Informal settlements are often built using materials that do no Social  shoreline protection  communities to provide them with a source of income and coastal Human settlements  encourage airflow or natural cooling, leading to increased urban heat protection  island effect  Extreme heat and high humidity will cause significant risk to health; Health  Inundation may lead to persistent flooding and contamination, Health  temperatures above 32 degrees C inhibit the ability for humans which can increase the spread of disease  to cool via sweating and significantly increases potential for heat- related illness  Fisheries  Changes to coastal ecosystems, causing coastal biodiversity loss  Natural resources  Extreme heat can lead to drying out of plant life and exacerbate stress on biodiversity, leading to biodiversity loss  Damage to mangrove forests leading to loss of biodiversity and Mangroves and also loss in coastal protection from storms and coastal flooding, shoreline protection  emphasising impacts from future sea level rise and extreme coastal Natural  Water resources  Increased water insecurity through increased evaporation, reducing events  water availability for people or ecosystems  Natural  Natural resources  Salt-water intrusion can increase salinity of soil, affecting soil quality and stability  Extreme heat  Fisheries  Continued warming of oceans, exacerbated by localised extreme heat, may affect coastal ecosystems, leading to biodiversity loss  Damage to mangrove forests which provide fuel for those in informal Sea level rise  Energy  settlements  Agriculture & Damage to urban farming crops, resulting in reduced yield, increased livestock  food insecurity, and heavier reliance on trade/imports  Water resources  Salt-water intrusion may affect fresh water supply through ground water resources  Water resources  Increased water insecurity through increased in demand for domestic, commercial, and industrial cooling needs  Tourism  Damage to coastal habitats, beaches, coastal erosion, tourism assets, resorts, and leisure activities  Changes to numbers throughout tourism seasons; extreme Transport & Damage to water-based transport, including the Likoni ferry terminal Economic   Tourism  temperatures can discourage tourists due to health concerns, but infrastructure  which sits at 4m above sea level   also encourage tourists to travel to coastal resorts   Transport & Transport & Damage to roads and railway lines causing disruption to transport infrastructure  Disruption to shipping access within Mombasa port   infrastructure  routes and increased maintenance costs  Economic  Fisheries  Changes to coastal ecosystems, affecting abundance of fish catch   Energy  Increased demand for domestic, commercial, and industrial cooling needs  Mangroves and Damage to mangrove forests which income through mangrove shoreline protection  conservation programmes  Natural resources  Salt-water intrusion may change the areas in which mangrove forests can be grown, leading to new economic opportunities  Infrastructure  Damage to infrastructure from coastal flooding and inundation through immediate damage and long-term degradation  Informal settlements are located near slopes of rivers and small Social  Human settlements   estuaries, and are made of unstable material, which may lead to damage and risk to life under heavy or prolonged rain   Natural  Natural resources  Landslides can lead to siltation and blockage of rivers and estuaries, causing damage to ecosystems   Landslides  Transport & Damage to transport routes, such as the South Mombasa ring road, infrastructure  which requires funds for repair and delays major infrastructure Economic  projects, such as the Nyali-Kilifi road  Transport & Disruption to transport, leading to loss of business and prevention of infrastructure  economic activity   Evidence Base 15 Climate-related hazard  Capital  Sector   Impacts  Human settlements   Rapid urbanisation and removal of green spaces contribute to increasing urban heat island effect, emphasised by extreme heat  Informal settlements are often built using materials that do no Social  Human settlements  encourage airflow or natural cooling, leading to increased urban heat island effect  Extreme heat and high humidity will cause significant risk to health; Health  temperatures above 32 degrees C inhibit the ability for humans to cool via sweating and significantly increases potential for heat- related illness  Natural resources  Extreme heat can lead to drying out of plant life and exacerbate stress on biodiversity, leading to biodiversity loss  Natural  Water resources  Increased water insecurity through increased evaporation, reducing water availability for people or ecosystems  Extreme heat  Fisheries  Continued warming of oceans, exacerbated by localised extreme heat, may affect coastal ecosystems, leading to biodiversity loss  Agriculture & Damage to urban farming crops, resulting in reduced yield, increased livestock  food insecurity, and heavier reliance on trade/imports  Water resources  Increased water insecurity through increased in demand for domestic, commercial, and industrial cooling needs  Changes to numbers throughout tourism seasons; extreme Economic   Tourism  temperatures can discourage tourists due to health concerns, but also encourage tourists to travel to coastal resorts   Transport & Damage to roads and railway lines causing disruption to transport infrastructure  routes and increased maintenance costs  Energy  Increased demand for domestic, commercial, and industrial cooling needs  Mombasa’s Climate Actions 16 Mombasa’s Ins-2: Put in place measure that regulate inflows and discharges especially a range of nutrients, pollutants and sediment loads into the Climate Actions inshore waters that may affect sea grass ecosystem and the reef system. Mangroves and shoreline protection The development of Mombasa’s CAP resulted in an initial list of 127 potential actions for the county. Through a process of Man-1: Enhance the protection and rehabilitation of mangrove ecosystem. prioritisation, this initial list was reduced to 47 prioritised actions, spread across both mitigation and adaptation. Tables 2 and 3 below indicate these actions across Mombasa’s key sectors. Infrastructure Table 2: Adaptation actions Inf-1: Ensure climate risks and vulnerability assessments are done for all existing and new infrastructure development Enhancing adaptation and building resilience of Mombasa County Tourism Agriculture, livestock and fisheries Tou-1: Strengthen education, information and public awareness on climate change among the residents in the county. Agr-1: Promote conservation tillage Tou-2: Work with hotel establishments to put in place natural defence measures for protection of the shoreline Agr-2: Increase deep/offshore fishing fleet Agr-3: Promote climate-smart technologies and practices and agroforestry Tou-3: Diversify and orientate sustainable tourism activities across the county Agr-4: Using low-carbon (recirculation) aquaculture Tou-3: Promote climate proofing of tourism sector establishments and operations within the county Health Buildings Hea-1: Strengthen and promote emergency management services to better handle emergency and disaster situations related to climate change and health . Bui-3: Promote efficient water management through implementing water-saving measures like low-flow faucets, dual-flush toilets, and efficient irrigation systems to minimise water consumption and reduce strain on local water resources Hea-2: Promote disease surveillance, monitoring and early warning system Hea-3: Integrate climate change considerations into the health sector Hea-4: Promote climate vulnerability and risk assessment tools and decision support systems to enhance informed decision making in the health sector Transformation of Mombasa County to a low carbon economy Water resources Transport Wat-1: Climate proof existing water infrastructure, and any new investments in the water sector. Tra-1: Put in place infrastructure to promote use of non-motorized modes of transport especially bikeways and pedestrian walkways. Wat-2: Enhance access to clean and safe water and sanitation and improved water efficiency. Tra-2: Work with all stakeholder groups to accelerate the transition to net zero by 2050 Tra-3: Implement the “Greening of the Mombasa Port” plan, and build resilience and mitigate GHG emissions through installation Wat-3: Enhance protection of water catchment areas that are important for trans-basin waster transfer by working with the Counties of of solar panels Taita Taveta, Kilifi, and Kwale Tra-4: Encourage transition from fossil fuel-based vehicles and vessels to other low carbon technologies such as electric vehicles Wat-4: Develop Integrated Water Infrastructure Management Plans at County and Sub-County levels that will include inter alia enhance rainwater harvesting and storage among other measures Forestry Wat-5: Develop and implement standards and guidelines for management and use of surface and ground water resources For-1: Expand and protect mangrove forest cover for coastal adaptation and blue carbon sequestration Human settlement For-2: Institute an annual county tree planting day Hum-1: Enhance community awareness and training on climate risk and disaster preparedness For-3: Promote rehabilitation of mangroves and degraded areas in the County. Hum-2: Develop a comprehensive early warning system and disaster risk management plans For-4: Promote establishment and maintenance of greens zones. Agriculture, livestock and fisheries Hum-3: Enhance informal settlements improvement schemes Agr-1: Promote conservation tillage Inshore waters Agr-3: Promote climate-smart technologies and practices and agroforestry Ins-1: Promote sustainable activities in the inshore waters that do not stress the sea grasses beds, corals and coral reefs such as destructive fishing. Agr-4: Using low-carbon (recirculation) aquaculture Mombasa’s Climate Actions 17 Ins-2: Put in place measure that regulate inflows and discharges especially a range of nutrients, pollutants and sediment loads into the inshore waters that may affect sea grass ecosystem and the reef system. Mangroves and shoreline protection Man-1: Enhance the protection and rehabilitation of mangrove ecosystem. Infrastructure Inf-1: Ensure climate risks and vulnerability assessments are done for all existing and new infrastructure development Tourism Tou-1: Strengthen education, information and public awareness on climate change among the residents in the county. Tou-2: Work with hotel establishments to put in place natural defence measures for protection of the shoreline Tou-3: Diversify and orientate sustainable tourism activities across the county Tou-3: Promote climate proofing of tourism sector establishments and operations within the county Buildings Bui-3: Promote efficient water management through implementing water-saving measures like low-flow faucets, dual-flush toilets, and efficient irrigation systems to minimise water consumption and reduce strain on local water resources Table 3: Mitigation actions Transformation of Mombasa County to a low carbon economy Transport Tra-1: Put in place infrastructure to promote use of non-motorized modes of transport especially bikeways and pedestrian walkways. Tra-2: Work with all stakeholder groups to accelerate the transition to net zero by 2050 Tra-3: Implement the “Greening of the Mombasa Port” plan, and build resilience and mitigate GHG emissions through installation of solar panels Tra-4: Encourage transition from fossil fuel-based vehicles and vessels to other low carbon technologies such as electric vehicles Forestry For-1: Expand and protect mangrove forest cover for coastal adaptation and blue carbon sequestration For-2: Institute an annual county tree planting day For-3: Promote rehabilitation of mangroves and degraded areas in the County. For-4: Promote establishment and maintenance of greens zones. Agriculture, livestock and fisheries Agr-1: Promote conservation tillage Agr-3: Promote climate-smart technologies and practices and agroforestry Agr-4: Using low-carbon (recirculation) aquaculture Mombasa’s Climate Actions 18 Energy Ene-1: Calls for residential and commercial premises that use more than 100 cubic meters of water daily to install solar or water heating in the premises to reduce the energy demand and load in heating water and utilize renewable energy Ene-2: Promote investments in renewable energy especially wind and solar Ene-3: Promote energy efficiency technologies and approaches Ene-4: Work with Kenya Bureau of Standards towards enhancing energy management standards covering energy management systems, energy auditing and energy efficiency performance measurement & verifications. Transformation of Mombasa County to a low carbon economy Waste Forestry Was-1: Prepare County-based waste management plans that are consistent with the National Waste Management Strategy and other relevant policies For-1: Expand and protect mangrove forest cover for coastal adaptation and blue carbon sequestration Was-2: Set up a waste and by-product exchange database for matchmaking For-3: Promote rehabilitation of mangroves and degraded areas in the County. For-4: Promote establishment and maintenance of greens zones. Was-3: Incentivise and facilitate establishment of a circular economy based on waste across the county Waste Was-4: Strengthen waste management regulation in the county Was-1: Prepare County-based waste management plans that are consistent with the National Waste Management Strategy and other Buildings relevant policies Bui-1: Use energy-efficient appliances and equipment within buildings, such as ENERGY STAR-rated appliances, efficient HVAC systems, Was-3: Incentivise and facilitate establishment of a circular economy based on waste across the county and LED lighting Was-4: Strengthen waste management regulation in the county Bui-2: Develop minimum energy performance standards for new buildings Enhancing adaptation and building resilience of Mombasa County Industry Ind-1: Promotion of local manufacture, development, and enforcement of quality standards and servicing of clean cookstoves, fuels and Infrastructure other appliances Inf-1: Ensure climate risks and vulnerability assessments are done for all existing and new infrastructure development Ready to Implement Actions Tourism Among the 47 prioritised actions, a subset of 10 has been identified as “ready to implement.” This classification is based on an alignment with Mombasa’s climate priorities, the areas it deems most important for both reducing emissions and adapting to Tou-1: Strengthen education, information and public awareness on climate change among the residents in the county. climate change, as well as its available capacity and resources. Table 4 below highlights these ready to implement actions. Tou-2: Work with hotel establishments to put in place natural defence measures for protection of the shoreline Mombasa’s Climate Actions in Context Mombasa, with its distinctive coastal position and prioritising their protection and expansion, Mombasa aims Tou-3: Diversify and orientate sustainable tourism activities across the county biodiversity, faces both environmental challenges and to strengthen its natural defences against coastal threats opportunities. In response to the broader climate crisis and harness benefits such as carbon sequestration and and its specific implications for the region, Mombasa has ecotourism potential. Urban areas in Mombasa are also developed a focused climate action strategy. The core seeing shifts with the integration of green zones, addressing objectives are to transition towards a low-carbon economy urban heat issues and improving air quality. Waste and enhance the county’s resilience to climate-related management, another critical area, is being addressed impacts. through plans that include a circular economy model and updated regulations, focusing on efficient waste handling In the realm of low-carbon transformation, Mombasa’s and increased recycling. actions are rooted in understanding its environmental strengths and urban needs. The mangrove forests, a key On the adaptation front, Mombasa’s strategies cater to its ecological component, are central to mitigation efforts. By specific vulnerabilities. Infrastructure is undergoing climate Mombasa’s Climate Actions 19 risk assessments to ensure it can withstand future climate events. The tourism sector, vital to Mombasa’s economy, is being adapted to be more resilient. This involves promoting climate education, implementing natural shoreline protection measures, and diversifying tourism activities to be more sustainable. In summary, Mombasa’s climate actions reflect its commitment to balancing development and environmental concerns. By addressing challenges such as rising sea levels and urban environmental strains, the city is working towards a sustainable future. Table 4: Ready to implement actions Transformation of Mombasa County to a low carbon economy Forestry For-1: Expand and protect mangrove forest cover for coastal adaptation and blue carbon sequestration For-3: Promote rehabilitation of mangroves and degraded areas in the County. For-4: Promote establishment and maintenance of greens zones. Waste Was-1: Prepare County-based waste management plans that are consistent with the National Waste Management Strategy and other relevant policies Was-3: Incentivise and facilitate establishment of a circular economy based on waste across the county Was-4: Strengthen waste management regulation in the county Enhancing adaptation and building resilience of Mombasa County Infrastructure Inf-1: Ensure climate risks and vulnerability assessments are done for all existing and new infrastructure development Tourism Tou-1: Strengthen education, information and public awareness on climate change among the residents in the county. Tou-2: Work with hotel establishments to put in place natural defence measures for protection of the shoreline Tou-3: Diversify and orientate sustainable tourism activities across the county Mombasa’s Climate Actions 20 Transformation of Mombasa County to a Low Carbon Economy Forestry-1: Expand and protect mangrove forest cover for coastal adaptation and blue carbon sequestration Climate strategy Mangrove restoration Climate strategy Mangrove Expansion Type of Action Program Climate impact Biodiversity restoration and protection Type of Action Program Enhanced carbon sequestration Mangrove protection and enhancement Lead agency Department of Environment, Waste Management Climate impact Emissions reductions Coastal ecosystem protection State Department of Fisheries Department of Water, Natural Resource and climate resilience Lead agency Department of Environment and Solid Waste Management NEMA - National Environment Management Authority Collaborative agencies KWS - Kenya Wildlife ServiceMoT&W - Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife Department of Water, Natural Resource and climate resilience CoG - Council of Governors State Department of Fisheries KFS - Kenya Forest Service NEMA - National Environment Management Authority KMFRI - Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute KWS - Kenya Wildlife Service Collaborative agencies MoT&W - Ministry of Tourism and WildlifeCoG - Council of Governors Timeline 25 years (5 years mid-term reviews) KFS - Kenya Forest Service KEFRI - Kenya Forestry Research Institute Resourcing plan (funding & financing; KMFRI - Kenya Marine And Fisheries Research Institute human & technical) County Government of Mombasa resources and donors County Government of Mombasa Level of city control High Timeline 25 years (5 years mid-term reviews) National Mangrove Ecosystem Management Plan Alignment with Policies & Plans NCCAP 2023-2027 Kenya Vision 2030 Resourcing plan (funding & financing; human & technical) City county resources and donors KPIs Hectares of mangrove area restored Level of city control High Carbon sequestration rates National Mangrove Ecosystem Management Plan Community benefit: Protection against coastal erosion, Reduced flood-risk, Community Alignment with Policies & Plans NCCAP 2023-2027 empowerment Co-benefits Economic benefit: Eco-tourism growth, Improved fish production, Sustainable livelihood opportunities - No. of hectares of mangrove forest cover Environmental benefit: Improved soil quality KPIs - No. of hectares of shoreline areas under protective management - Carbon sequestration rates Stakeholder engagement to involve local communities and NGOs in planning and Community benefit: Reduced flood-risk implementing rehabilitation projects Economic benefit: Increased revenue from mangrove ecotourism, Improved fish production, Short term Conduct educational campaigns and awareness programs to engage the public in mangrove Co-benefits Enhanced coastal protection of infrastructure (By 2030) conservation and restoration efforts Environmental benefit: Increased carbon sequestration, Improved water quality, Coastal Conduct site assessments to identify degraded mangrove areas and prioritise sites for erosion control rehabilitation Sub-actions Medium Term Short term (By 2040) Establish and manage mangrove nurseries for propagating tree seedlings (By 2030) Conduct a comprehensive assessment of existing mangrove forests Implement ongoing monitoring and management of rehabilitates areas to ensure long-term Medium Term Sub-actions (By 2040) Develop a restoration and conservation plan Long term success (By 2050) Organise and execute mangrove planting activities, ensuring proper techniques and monitoring of planted areas Long term Establish community-based management initiatives. (By 2050) Monitor carbon sequestration and biodiversity outcomes. Raise awareness about the importance of mangroves and sustainable use practices Mombasa’s Climate Actions 21 Forestry-3: Promote rehabilitation of mangroves and degraded areas in the County. Climate strategy Mangrove restoration Type of Action Program Climate impact Biodiversity restoration and protection Enhanced carbon sequestration Lead agency Department of Environment, Waste Management State Department of Fisheries Department of Water, Natural Resource and climate resilience NEMA - National Environment Management Authority Collaborative agencies KWS - Kenya Wildlife ServiceMoT&W - Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife CoG - Council of Governors KFS - Kenya Forest Service KMFRI - Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute Timeline 25 years (5 years mid-term reviews) Resourcing plan (funding & financing; human & technical) County Government of Mombasa resources and donors Level of city control High National Mangrove Ecosystem Management Plan Alignment with Policies & Plans NCCAP 2023-2027 Kenya Vision 2030 KPIs Hectares of mangrove area restored Carbon sequestration rates Community benefit: Protection against coastal erosion, Reduced flood-risk, Community empowerment Co-benefits Economic benefit: Eco-tourism growth, Improved fish production, Sustainable livelihood opportunities Environmental benefit: Improved soil quality Stakeholder engagement to involve local communities and NGOs in planning and implementing rehabilitation projects Short term Conduct educational campaigns and awareness programs to engage the public in mangrove (By 2030) conservation and restoration efforts Conduct site assessments to identify degraded mangrove areas and prioritise sites for rehabilitation Sub-actions Medium Term (By 2040) Establish and manage mangrove nurseries for propagating tree seedlings Implement ongoing monitoring and management of rehabilitates areas to ensure long-term Long term success (By 2050) Organise and execute mangrove planting activities, ensuring proper techniques and monitoring of planted areas Mombasa’s Climate Actions 22 Forestry-4: Promote establishment and maintenance of greens zones. Climate strategy Urban greening Climate strategy Waste Management Type of Action Program Type of Action Policy/Plan Reduced urban heat island effect Reduced waste Climate impact Improved air quality Climate impact Reduced emissions from waste Increased carbon sequestration Increased recycling Lead agency Department of Environment, Waste Management Lead agency Department of Environment and solid Waste Management, County Government of Mombasa State Department of Fisheries Department of Water, Natural Resources and climate resilience NEMA - National Environment Management Authority MITC - Mombasa Industrial and Technology Park Collaborative agencies KWS - Kenya Wildlife Service KIRDI - Kenya Industrial Research and Development Institute MoT&W - Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife Collaborative agencies NEMA - National Environment Management Authority CoG - Council of Governors KAM - Kenya Association of Manufacturers KFS - Kenya Forest Service Private sector (industrialists) KMFRI - Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute Waste Management Authority Timeline 25 years (5 years mid-term reviews) Timeline 25 years (5 years mid-term reviews) Resourcing plan (funding & financing; County Government of Mombasa resources and donors Resourcing plan (funding & financing; human human & technical) & technical) County Government of Mombasa resources and donors Level of city control High Level of city control High LTLED NCCAP 2018-2022 Alignment with Policies & Plans NCCAP 2023-2027 Alignment with Policies & Plans Kenya Vision 2030National Solid Waste Management Strategy (NSWMS) CIDP KPIs No. of green zones developed in the county KPIs No. of sub-counties with waste management plans Community benefit: Increased area for recreation and relaxation, Enhanced quality of life in urban areas Co-benefits Economic benefit: Increased tourism opportunities, Increased opportunities for Environmental benefit: Reduced waste sent to landfill, Improved groundwater quality, recreational opportunities benefiting local businesses, Potentially increased property Improved ecosystem health values Co-benefits Community benefit: Improved public health Economic benefit: Increased resource efficiency in the industry sector, Employment Site selection to identify suitable locations for green zone development, prioritizing opportunities Short term areas with limited green cover and high urban heat island effect (By 2030) Stakeholder engagement to involve local communities in the planning and design of Short term Assess the current waste management practices and infrastructure green zones, considering their needs and preferences (By 2030) Establish waste reduction and recycling targets Sub-actions Medium Term Implement tree planting, landscaping, and maintenance plans, including irrigation and Medium Term Develop a comprehensive waste management plans at the sub-county level that align (By 2040) waste management Sub-actions (By 2040) with national strategies. Engage with local communities and stakeholders for input. Long term Launch educational and awareness campaigns to inform residents about the benefits of Long term (By 2050) Implement waste collection and separation programs (By 2050) urban green spaces Monitor and evaluate the progress of waste management initiatives. Mombasa’s Climate Actions 23 Waste-1: Prepare County-based waste management plans that are consistent with the National Waste Management Strategy and other relevant policies Climate strategy Waste Management Type of Action Policy/Plan Reduced waste Climate impact Reduced emissions from waste Increased recycling Lead agency Department of Environment and solid Waste Management, County Government of Mombasa MITC - Mombasa Industrial and Technology Park KIRDI - Kenya Industrial Research and Development Institute Collaborative agencies NEMA - National Environment Management AuthorityKAM - Kenya Association of Manufacturers Private sector (industrialists) Waste Management Authority Timeline 25 years (5 years mid-term reviews) Resourcing plan (funding & financing; human & technical) County Government of Mombasa resources and donors Level of city control High LTLED NCCAP 2018-2022 Alignment with Policies & Plans Kenya Vision 2030 National Solid Waste Management Strategy (NSWMS) CIDP KPIs No. of sub-counties with waste management plans Environmental benefit: Reduced waste sent to landfill, Improved groundwater quality, Improved ecosystem health Co-benefits Community benefit: Improved public health Economic benefit: Increased resource efficiency in the industry sector, Employment opportunities Short term Assess the current waste management practices and infrastructure (By 2030) Establish waste reduction and recycling targets Medium Term Develop a comprehensive waste management plans at the sub-county level that align Sub-actions (By 2040) with national strategies. Long term Engage with local communities and stakeholders for input. (By 2050) Implement waste collection and separation programs Monitor and evaluate the progress of waste management initiatives. Mombasa’s Climate Actions 24 Waste-3: Incentivise and facilitate establishment of a circular economy based on waste across the county Climate strategy Circular economy Climate strategy Waste management Type of Action Program Type of Action Regulations Climate impact Reduced wasteIncreased recycling Climate impact Reduced wasteIncreased recycling Lead agency Department of Environment and solid Waste Management, County Government of Mombasa Lead agency Department of Environment and solid Waste Management, County Government of Mombasa MITC - Mombasa Industrial and Technology Park MITC - Mombasa Industrial and Technology Park KIRDI - Kenya Industrial Research and Development Institute KIRDI - Kenya Industrial Research and Development Institute Collaborative agencies NEMA - National Environment Management Authority Collaborative agencies NEMA - National Environment Management AuthorityKAM - Kenya Association of Manufacturers KAM - Kenya Association of Manufacturers Private sector (industrialists) Waste Management Authority Waste Management Authority Timeline 25 years (5 years mid-term reviews) Timeline 25 years (5 years mid-term reviews) Resourcing plan (funding & financing; County government of Mombasa Resourcing plan (funding & financing; human & human & technical) technical) County Government of Mombasa Level of city control High Level of city control High LTLED LTLED NCCAP 2022-2027 NCCAP 2018-2022 Alignment with Policies & Plans Kenya Vision 2030 Alignment with Policies & Plans Kenya Vision 2030 National Solid Waste Management Strategy (NSWMS) National Solid Waste Management Strategy (NSWMS) CIDP CIDP No. of waste sector regulations reviewed and improved KPIs Waste diversion rate (recycling, composting etc.) KPIs No. of new waste management regulations developed % of waste management entities complying with revised regulations Community benefit: Reduced waste and pollution Improved public health Economic benefit: Employment opportunities in waste recycling, upcycling, and Community benefit: Reduced waste and pollution Improved public health Co-benefits sustainable product manufacturing, Cost savings due to reuse, Revenue generation Economic benefit: Employment opportunities in waste recycling, upcycling, and sustainable from sale of recycled/upcycled products Co-benefits product manufacturing, Cost savings due to reuse, Revenue generation from sale of Environmental benefit: Resource conservation, Reduced emissions from landfills recycled/upcycled productsEnvironmental benefit: Resource conservation, Reduced emissions from landfills Short term Identify and map available waste resources and potential circular economy Short term (By 2030) opportunities within the county (By 2030) Review existing waste management regulations to identify areas for improvement Develop and implement policies that incentivize circular economy practices, such as Develop new regulations and/or amend existing ones to align with best practices and Medium Term tax incentives, subsidies, and regulatory frameworks circular economy principles (By 2040) Provide trainings and workshops for businesses and industries on circular economy Sub-actions Medium Term Conduct public awareness and outreach campaigns to inform relevant stakeholders of the Sub-actions practices (By 2040) new regulations Establish a system for monitoring waste management entities’ compliance with regulations, Establish mechanisms for monitoring and reporting on the progress and impact of ensuring routine auditing circular economy initiatives Long term Encourage local businesses and industries to adopt circular economy practices, Long term Develop and implement enforcement actions, including fines and penalties for non- (By 2050) providing support and incentives for participation (By 2050) compliance Conduct public awareness campaigns to educate the community about the benefits of circular economy practices Mombasa’s Climate Actions 25 Waste-4: Strengthen waste management regulation in the county Climate strategy Waste management Type of Action Regulations Climate impact Reduced wasteIncreased recycling Lead agency Department of Environment and solid Waste Management, County Government of Mombasa MITC - Mombasa Industrial and Technology Park KIRDI - Kenya Industrial Research and Development Institute Collaborative agencies NEMA - National Environment Management Authority KAM - Kenya Association of Manufacturers Waste Management Authority Timeline 25 years (5 years mid-term reviews) Resourcing plan (funding & financing; human & technical) County government of Mombasa Level of city control High LTLED NCCAP 2022-2027 Alignment with Policies & Plans Kenya Vision 2030 National Solid Waste Management Strategy (NSWMS) CIDP No. of waste sector regulations reviewed and improved KPIs No. of new waste management regulations developed % of waste management entities complying with revised regulations Community benefit: Reduced waste and pollution Improved public health Economic benefit: Employment opportunities in waste recycling, upcycling, and sustainable Co-benefits product manufacturing, Cost savings due to reuse, Revenue generation from sale of recycled/upcycled products Environmental benefit: Resource conservation, Reduced emissions from landfills Short term (By 2030) Review existing waste management regulations to identify areas for improvement Develop new regulations and/or amend existing ones to align with best practices and circular economy principles Sub-actions Medium Term Conduct public awareness and outreach campaigns to inform relevant stakeholders of the (By 2040) new regulations Establish a system for monitoring waste management entities’ compliance with regulations, ensuring routine auditing Long term Develop and implement enforcement actions, including fines and penalties for non- (By 2050) compliance Mombasa’s Climate Actions 26 Enhancing Adaptation and Building Resilience Of Mombasa County Infrastructure-1: Ensure climate risks and vulnerability assessments are done for all existing and new infrastructure development Climate strategy Vulnerability and Risk Assessment (VRA) Climate strategy Climate education Type of Action Assessment Type of Action Program Climate impact Reduced vulnerability of infrastructure Climate impact Increased community understanding of climate change Enhanced collective actions to mitigate and adapt Lead agency Department of Transport, Infrastructure and Public Works, County Government of Mombasa Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development (MOTIHUD) Lead agency Department of Tourism, County Government of Mombasa & Collaborative agencies State Department of Housing and Urban DevelopmentPhysical Planning Department National Construction Authority Ministry of Tourism, Widlife and Heritage Collaborative agencies Ministry of Environment, Climate Change and Forestry (MoECCF)Ministry of Information, Communication and The Digital Economy Timeline 25 years (5 years mid-term reviews) Ministry of Education Resourcing plan (funding & financing; human & technical) County Government of Mombasa, MDAs and donors Timeline 25 years (5 years mid-term reviews) Level of city control High Resourcing plan (funding & financing; human & Ministry of Tourism, Wildlife and Heritage technical) And County Government of Mombasa NCCAP 2018-2022 LTLED Alignment with Policies & Plans The Green Economy Strategy and Implementation Plan (GESIP) 2016-2030 Level of city control High Kenya Building Research Centre: Strategic Plan 2017/18-2021/22 CIDP NCCAP 2018-2022 Alignment with Policies & Plans Education for Sustainable Development Strategy (EDS) KPIs % of existing infrastructure assessed for climate vulnerability The Wildlife Conservation and Management Bill 2023 % of new/planned infrastructure assessed for climate vulnerability No. of IEC materials integrating climate change information and tourism and conservation disseminated to stakeholders Community benefit: Enhanced safety and security, Improved public service delivery KPIs No. of high school clubs trained on climate change integration Co-benefits Economic benefit: Investment protection, Reduced expenditure on post-disaster No. of tourism destination institutions integrating climate information and reconstruction/recovery, Insurance savings conservation in their charter mandates Environmental benefit: Natural resource protection Short term Compile a comprehensive inventory of existing infrastructure assets in the county Co-benefits Community benefit: Strengthened community resilience (By 2030) Conduct VRA of critical infrastructure, including historical climate data and projections and risk mapping (hazard, impact, and vulnerability assessment) Develop climate change education materials suitable for different age Short term groups and communities Use media platforms for broader outreach and engagement. Sub-actions Medium term Develop regulations mandating VRAs for all planned infrastructure and monitor compliance (By 2030) (By 2040) Provide training for infrastructure planners and developers on climate resilience concepts Organize workshops, seminars, and community events to raise awareness and approaches about climate change. Sub-actions Long term Develop climate adaptation plans for vulnerable infrastructure and integrate resilience Medium Term Collaborate with local schools and educational institutions to integrate (By 2050) measures into infrastructure planning and design (By 2040) climate education into curricula. Long term Promote sustainable tourism practices and encourage tourists to engage (By 2050) in climate-friendly behaviors.Monitor and evaluate the impact of education and awareness efforts. Mombasa’s Climate Actions 27 Tourism-1: Strengthen education, information and public awareness on climate change among the residents in the county. Climate strategy Climate education Type of Action Program Climate impact Increased community understanding of climate change Enhanced collective actions to mitigate and adapt Lead agency Department of Tourism, County Government of Mombasa Ministry of Tourism, Widlife and Heritage Collaborative agencies Ministry of Environment, Climate Change and Forestry (MoECCF)Ministry of Information, Communication and The Digital Economy Ministry of Education Timeline 25 years (5 years mid-term reviews) Resourcing plan (funding & financing; human & Ministry of Tourism, Wildlife and Heritage technical) And County Government of Mombasa Level of city control High NCCAP 2018-2022 Alignment with Policies & Plans Education for Sustainable Development Strategy (EDS) The Wildlife Conservation and Management Bill 2023 No. of IEC materials integrating climate change information and tourism and conservation disseminated to stakeholders KPIs No. of high school clubs trained on climate change integration No. of tourism destination institutions integrating climate information and conservation in their charter mandates Co-benefits Community benefit: Strengthened community resilience Develop climate change education materials suitable for different age Short term groups and communities (By 2030) Use media platforms for broader outreach and engagement.Organize workshops, seminars, and community events to raise awareness about climate change. Sub-actions Medium Term Collaborate with local schools and educational institutions to integrate (By 2040) climate education into curricula. Long term Promote sustainable tourism practices and encourage tourists to engage (By 2050) in climate-friendly behaviors.Monitor and evaluate the impact of education and awareness efforts. Mombasa’s Climate Actions 28 Tourism- 2: Work with hotel establishments to put in place natural defence measures for protection of the shoreline Climate strategy Coastal resilience Climate strategy Sustainable tourism Type of Action Program Type of Action Program Climate impact Reduced vulnerability of coastal establishments Climate impact Increased awareness on climate change and sustainable tourism Lead agency Department of Tourism, County Government of Mombasa Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development (MOTIHUD) Lead agency Department of Tourism, County Government of Mombasa State Department of Housing and Urban Development Physical Planning Department Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife & Collaborative agencies National Construction Authority Kenya Wildlife ServicesMinistry of Tourism and Wildlife Collaborative agencies Kenya Tourism Board Kenya Tourism Board CoG - Council of Governors CoG - Council of Governors Private Sector (tourist establishments, operators) Private Sector (tourist establishments, operators) Timeline 25 years (5 years mid-term reviews) Timeline 25 years (5 years mid-term reviews) Resourcing plan (funding & financing; human & technical) County Government of Mombasa and donors Resourcing plan (funding & financing; human & County Government of Mombasa technical) and national government Level of city control High Level of city control City government has critical mandate working closely with national government NCCAP 2022-2023 NCCAP 2018-2022 Alignment with Policies & Plans LTLEDNew Tourism Strategy for Kenya 2021-2025 Alignment with Policies & Plans LTLED National Wildlife Conservation and Management Policy New Tourism Strategy for Kenya 2021-2025 National Wildlife Conservation and Management Policy KPIs No. of tourism establishments that have implemented natural defence measures No. of new diversified sustainable tourism activities developed/offered KPIs % improvement in tourist satisfaction and reviews Community benefit: Enhanced safety and security, Improved public service delivery % increase in tourism revenue Economic benefit: Investment protection, Reduced expenditure on post-disaster Co-benefits reconstruction/recovery, Insurance savings, Employment opportunities in construction Community benefit: Cultural preservation phase, Tourism promotion Co-benefits Economic benefit: Revenue growth, Business stimulation/opportunities, Environmental benefit: Natural resource protection Employment opportunities Environmental benefit: Reduced pressure on ecosystems Short term Initiate discussions and collaborations with local tourism establishments (By 2030) Conduct site assessments to identify suitable areas for natural defense measures Collaborate with local tourism associations, communities, establishments, and Short term operators to identify new sustainable tourism activities Develop plans for implementing natural defense measures, including coastal vegetation (By 2030) Conduct market research to identify emerging tourism trends and preferences Medium Term restoration and sand dune construction Develop new sustainable tourism activities/experiences (By 2040) Educate tourists and local communities about the importance of shoreline protection and their role in preserving the environment Sub-actions Promote the diversified tourism offerings through marketing campaigns Sub-actions Medium Term Engage local communities in histing and providing experiences for tourists (By 2040) Provide training for local guides and service providers on sustainable tourism Implement natural defense measures in collaboration with tourism establishments/ practices Long term stakeholders Educate tourists about responsible and sustainable tourism practices (By 2050) Conduct routine monitoring and maintenance to assess the effectiveness of defense measures Long term Continuously monitor feedback from tourists and local communities for (By 2050) improvement Mombasa’s Climate Actions 29 Tourism- 3: Diversify and orientate sustainable tourism activities across the county Climate strategy Sustainable tourism Type of Action Program Climate impact Increased awareness on climate change and sustainable tourism Lead agency Department of Tourism, County Government of Mombasa Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife Kenya Wildlife Services Collaborative agencies Kenya Tourism Board CoG - Council of Governors Private Sector (tourist establishments, operators) Timeline 25 years (5 years mid-term reviews) Resourcing plan (funding & financing; human & County Government of Mombasa technical) and national government Level of city control City government has critical mandate working closely with national government NCCAP 2018-2022 Alignment with Policies & Plans LTLEDNew Tourism Strategy for Kenya 2021-2025 National Wildlife Conservation and Management Policy No. of new diversified sustainable tourism activities developed/offered KPIs % improvement in tourist satisfaction and reviews % increase in tourism revenue Community benefit: Cultural preservation Co-benefits Economic benefit: Revenue growth, Business stimulation/opportunities, Employment opportunities Environmental benefit: Reduced pressure on ecosystems Collaborate with local tourism associations, communities, establishments, and Short term operators to identify new sustainable tourism activities (By 2030) Conduct market research to identify emerging tourism trends and preferences Develop new sustainable tourism activities/experiences Promote the diversified tourism offerings through marketing campaigns Sub-actions Medium Term Engage local communities in histing and providing experiences for tourists (By 2040) Provide training for local guides and service providers on sustainable tourism practices Educate tourists about responsible and sustainable tourism practices Long term Continuously monitor feedback from tourists and local communities for (By 2050) improvement Moving Forward: Call to Action 30 Moving Forward: Call to Action The County Government of Mombasa is determined to achieve ambitious climate goals through collaboration with the National government’s agriculture, transport, and energy sectors. This partnership aims to drive innovation, streamline operations, and create jobs Term Definition while improving air quality. To effectively implement the Climate Action Plan (CAP) at the county level, two key components are necessary: a Legal and Policy Framework and a Strategies and activities designed to enhance a community’s or region’s resilience to the impacts of well-structured Institutional Setup. Adaptation Actions climate change, including measures to adapt to changing weather patterns, rising sea levels, extreme events, and other climate-related hazards. Legal and Policy Framework: To establish effective climate governance in Mombasa, it is imperative to enact a Climate Change Bill that not only defines the legal framework for The reduction in the variety and abundance of plant and animal species within ecosystems. climate action but also sets climate goals, targets, and mechanisms for monitoring and Biodiversity Loss Biodiversity loss can result from various factors, including habitat destruction, pollution, and climate enforcement. This legal foundation should be accompanied by a comprehensive Climate change impacts. Policy that outlines overarching objectives, strategies, and priorities for addressing climate change within the county. Additionally, emphasizing the enforcement of climate- related regulations is essential, aligning them with existing environmental laws, which A term referring to the carbon captured and stored by coastal and marine ecosystems, such as Blue Carbon mangrove forests. Protecting and expanding blue carbon ecosystems can help sequester carbon and can encompass emissions standards, land use planning, and environmental impact mitigate climate change. assessments. Integrating climate considerations into land use and zoning regulations can aid in the management of urban and rural development, reducing vulnerability to climate impacts. Furthermore, incorporating climate resilience and sustainability into The capture and long-term storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases from the Carbon Sequestration atmosphere. Carbon sequestration helps mitigate climate change by reducing the concentration of Natural Resource Management Plans is critical to safeguarding ecosystems and adapting CO2, often through processes such as reforestation and afforestation. to evolving climate conditions. Institutional Setup: To strengthen Mombasa’s institutional capacity for effective climate An economic model focused on sustainability and minimizing waste. It promotes the reuse, governance, the formation of a Climate Change Coordination Committee is essential, Circular Economy refurbishment, recycling, and remanufacturing of products and materials to extend their lifespan and reduce the impact on the environment. bringing together representatives from diverse sectors including government agencies, NGOs, and community organizations. This collaborative body facilitates information sharing. Additionally, a customized climate finance strategy should be devised to secure A comprehensive strategy or roadmap developed by a region, city, or organization to address and funding from various sources, encompassing national government grants, private Climate Action Plan (CAP) mitigate the impacts of climate change through a set of specific actions and initiatives, which may investments, and international funds like the Green Climate Fund. The establishment include both adaptation and mitigation measures. of data and monitoring systems, which include a climate information system and a knowledge management strategy, is imperative for tracking progress, assessing climate Strategies, plans, and actions aimed at identifying, assessing, and managing the risks associated risks, and evaluating the effectiveness of climate initiatives. To engage the community Climate Risk and Disaster with climate-related hazards and natural disasters. This includes measures to reduce vulnerability, and raise awareness about climate issues, a communication and education plan should Management enhance preparedness, and respond effectively to disasters resulting from climate change impacts. be developed. Furthermore, forging partnerships and collaborations with neighbouring counties, national agencies, research institutions, and international organizations is crucial to leverage expertise and resources. Concurrently, investing in capacity-building The degree to which a system, community, or infrastructure is susceptible to harm from climate programs is vital to equip county officials, stakeholders, and the public with the knowledge Climate Vulnerability change-related impacts. Vulnerability assessment identifies areas or assets at risk of damage or and skills required to effectively address climate challenges. disruption due to climate effects. Environmental events or conditions that are influenced by climate patterns and can lead to adverse Climate-Related Hazards impacts. These hazards can include droughts, floods, sea-level rise, extreme heat, and landslides, among others. Ecological systems that exist along coastlines, including mangrove forests, coral reefs, and seagrass Coastal Ecosystems beds. Coastal ecosystems provide habitat and protection for marine life and play a critical role in shoreline stability and carbon sequestration. Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) A systematic approach to reduce the risk of disasters, including natural hazards, through prevention, mitigation, preparedness, and response strategies, with the aim of saving lives and reducing damage. A prolonged period of abnormally low precipitation levels, resulting in water scarcity for various uses, Drought including drinking water, agriculture, and industry. Droughts can have severe economic, social, and environmental consequences. Glossary of terms 31 GLOSSARY OF TERMS Term Definition Strategies and activities designed to enhance a community’s or region’s resilience to the impacts of Adaptation Actions climate change, including measures to adapt to changing weather patterns, rising sea levels, extreme events, and other climate-related hazards. The reduction in the variety and abundance of plant and animal species within ecosystems. Biodiversity Loss Biodiversity loss can result from various factors, including habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change impacts. A term referring to the carbon captured and stored by coastal and marine ecosystems, such as Blue Carbon mangrove forests. Protecting and expanding blue carbon ecosystems can help sequester carbon and mitigate climate change. The capture and long-term storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases from the Carbon Sequestration atmosphere. Carbon sequestration helps mitigate climate change by reducing the concentration of CO2, often through processes such as reforestation and afforestation. An economic model focused on sustainability and minimizing waste. It promotes the reuse, Circular Economy refurbishment, recycling, and remanufacturing of products and materials to extend their lifespan and reduce the impact on the environment. A comprehensive strategy or roadmap developed by a region, city, or organization to address and Climate Action Plan (CAP) mitigate the impacts of climate change through a set of specific actions and initiatives, which may include both adaptation and mitigation measures. Climate Risk and Disaster Strategies, plans, and actions aimed at identifying, assessing, and managing the risks associated Management with climate-related hazards and natural disasters. This includes measures to reduce vulnerability, enhance preparedness, and respond effectively to disasters resulting from climate change impacts. The degree to which a system, community, or infrastructure is susceptible to harm from climate Climate Vulnerability change-related impacts. Vulnerability assessment identifies areas or assets at risk of damage or disruption due to climate effects. Environmental events or conditions that are influenced by climate patterns and can lead to adverse Climate-Related Hazards impacts. These hazards can include droughts, floods, sea-level rise, extreme heat, and landslides, among others. Ecological systems that exist along coastlines, including mangrove forests, coral reefs, and seagrass Coastal Ecosystems beds. Coastal ecosystems provide habitat and protection for marine life and play a critical role in shoreline stability and carbon sequestration. Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) A systematic approach to reduce the risk of disasters, including natural hazards, through prevention, mitigation, preparedness, and response strategies, with the aim of saving lives and reducing damage. A prolonged period of abnormally low precipitation levels, resulting in water scarcity for various uses, Drought including drinking water, agriculture, and industry. Droughts can have severe economic, social, and environmental consequences. Glossary of terms 32 Term Definition Term Definition Technologies and practices that reduce energy consumption while maintaining or improving the Regulations or guidelines that define the minimum level of energy efficiency required for certain Energy Efficiency Technologies quality of energy services. Energy efficiency technologies aim to lower energy waste and greenhouse Minimum Energy Performance Standards types of products, buildings, or equipment, often implemented to reduce energy consumption and gas emissions. associated emissions. A set of guidelines and specifications for managing energy usage efficiently. Energy management Measures and activities aimed at reducing or preventing the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) Energy Management Standards standards cover areas such as energy management systems, energy auditing, and the measurement Mitigation Actions and other factors contributing to climate change, with the goal of mitigating or limiting the extent of and verification of energy efficiency performance. global warming and its associated impacts. Extremely high temperatures that exceed typical climatic conditions. Extreme heat events can have Extreme Heat adverse effects on human health, agriculture, and ecosystems and may lead to heat-related illnesses A state where the balance between greenhouse gas emissions and their removal from the and heatwaves. Net Zero atmosphere is achieved, resulting in no net increase in emissions. Achieving net-zero emissions is a critical climate mitigation goal. Deviations from normal temperature conditions, including unusually high or low temperatures. Non-motorized Modes of Transportation methods that do not rely on motorized vehicles, including options like biking Extreme Temperature Patterns Extreme temperature patterns can lead to heatwaves or cold spells, affecting human health, Transport and walking. Promoting non-motorized transportation can reduce emissions and alleviate traffic agriculture, and various sectors of the economy. congestion. A comprehensive record of greenhouse gas emissions from various sectors and sources within a An increase in the amount and intensity of rainfall or precipitation events. Precipitation GHG Inventory specific geographic area, typically measured in units like metric tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent Precipitation Intensification intensification can lead to more significant and sudden downpours, increasing the risk of flooding (ktCO2e). and landslides. Adhering to the Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories (GPC), GPC Compliant which sets global best practices and standards for calculating and reporting greenhouse gas Data and information generated from climate models and observations used to forecast future emissions. Projection Data climate conditions and trends, including shifts in temperature, rainfall patterns, and extreme weather events. An economic system that prioritizes sustainability, resource efficiency, and low-carbon practices. Green Economy The green economy aims to reduce environmental impact while fostering economic growth, often focusing on renewable energy, clean technologies, and conservation. Prolonged Droughts Extended periods of abnormally low precipitation, resulting in water scarcity, reduced soil moisture, and negative impacts on agriculture, water resources, and ecosystems. Gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), that trap heat in the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Earth’s atmosphere and contribute to the greenhouse effect, resulting in global warming and climate Rainfall Distribution The geographic and temporal pattern of rainfall or precipitation in a given region. Changes in rainfall change. distribution can impact water availability, agriculture, and ecosystem health. Gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), released into the Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG) atmosphere due to human activities, primarily burning fossil fuels and deforestation, which Energy derived from sources that are naturally replenished, such as sunlight (solar energy), wind contribute to global warming and climate change. Renewable Energy (wind energy), and water flow (hydropower), which do not deplete finite resources and produce fewer GHG emissions compared to fossil fuels. Underground water reservoirs that store freshwater. Groundwater resources are a vital source of Groundwater Resources drinking water and irrigation for many regions and are susceptible to contamination and depletion, Direct greenhouse gas emissions from sources that are owned or controlled by a specific entity or especially during droughts or increased water demand. Scope 1 Emissions region, such as emissions from local transportation, waste, and stationary energy sources. Health conditions or diseases caused or exacerbated by exposure to high temperatures, particularly Heat-Related Illness when temperatures exceed the body’s ability to cool itself through sweating. Heat-related illnesses Scope 2 Emissions Indirect greenhouse gas emissions associated with the generation of electricity, steam, and heating/ can range from heat exhaustion to heatstroke. cooling supplied by grids, which may cross city boundaries, but are driven by local activities. Integrated Coastal Management A holistic approach to managing coastal and marine environments that considers ecological, social, (ICM) economic, and political aspects. ICM seeks to balance conservation with sustainable use and to Scope 3 Emissions Indirect emissions resulting from activities outside a city’s boundaries but influenced by its actions, address issues like coastal erosion and pollution. such as emissions from product use, supply chains, and transportation of goods and services. Glossary of terms 33 Term Definition Minimum Energy Performance Regulations or guidelines that define the minimum level of energy efficiency required for certain Standards types of products, buildings, or equipment, often implemented to reduce energy consumption and associated emissions. Measures and activities aimed at reducing or preventing the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) Mitigation Actions and other factors contributing to climate change, with the goal of mitigating or limiting the extent of global warming and its associated impacts. A state where the balance between greenhouse gas emissions and their removal from the Net Zero atmosphere is achieved, resulting in no net increase in emissions. Achieving net-zero emissions is a critical climate mitigation goal. Non-motorized Modes of Transportation methods that do not rely on motorized vehicles, including options like biking Transport and walking. Promoting non-motorized transportation can reduce emissions and alleviate traffic congestion. An increase in the amount and intensity of rainfall or precipitation events. Precipitation Precipitation Intensification intensification can lead to more significant and sudden downpours, increasing the risk of flooding and landslides. Data and information generated from climate models and observations used to forecast future Projection Data climate conditions and trends, including shifts in temperature, rainfall patterns, and extreme weather events. Prolonged Droughts Extended periods of abnormally low precipitation, resulting in water scarcity, reduced soil moisture, and negative impacts on agriculture, water resources, and ecosystems. Rainfall Distribution The geographic and temporal pattern of rainfall or precipitation in a given region. Changes in rainfall distribution can impact water availability, agriculture, and ecosystem health. Energy derived from sources that are naturally replenished, such as sunlight (solar energy), wind Renewable Energy (wind energy), and water flow (hydropower), which do not deplete finite resources and produce fewer GHG emissions compared to fossil fuels. Scope 1 Emissions Direct greenhouse gas emissions from sources that are owned or controlled by a specific entity or region, such as emissions from local transportation, waste, and stationary energy sources. Scope 2 Emissions Indirect greenhouse gas emissions associated with the generation of electricity, steam, and heating/cooling supplied by grids, which may cross city boundaries, but are driven by local activities. Scope 3 Emissions Indirect emissions resulting from activities outside a city’s boundaries but influenced by its actions, such as emissions from product use, supply chains, and transportation of goods and services. Glossary of terms 34 Term Definition The gradual increase in the average level of the Earth’s oceans and coastal waters due to the melting Sea-Level Rise of polar ice caps and the thermal expansion of seawater. Sea-level rise can lead to coastal flooding and erosion, impacting coastal communities. Weather phenomena characterized by their intensity and potential for damage. Severe weather Severe Weather Events events can include storms, hurricanes, tornadoes, and other extreme weather occurrences that pose threats to human safety and infrastructure. The process by which the topsoil layer of the Earth’s surface is removed or displaced due to natural Soil Erosion forces such as water, wind, or human activities. Soil erosion can lead to land degradation, reduced agricultural productivity, and environmental problems. The presence of excess salts in soil, which can negatively affect soil quality and crop productivity. Soil Salinity Soil salinity can be exacerbated by factors such as sea-level rise and saltwater intrusion, impacting agriculture and land usability. Financial benefits provided by governments to individuals or businesses to encourage specific Tax Incentives behaviors or practices. In the context of a circular economy, tax incentives can promote waste reduction, recycling, and sustainable practices. United Nations Sustainable A set of 17 global goals established by the United Nations in 2015 to address various sustainable Development Goals development challenges, including poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental degradation, and more. The phenomenon where urban areas experience higher temperatures than their rural surroundings Urban Heat Island Effect due to human activities, buildings, and reduced vegetation. It can lead to extreme heat in cities and has adverse effects on the urban environment and health. The percentage of waste materials diverted from landfills and incineration through recycling, Waste Diversion Rate composting, and other sustainable waste management practices. A higher diversion rate indicates a reduction in waste sent to landfills. Geographical regions where water is collected, stored, and naturally replenished, such as watersheds, Water Catchment Areas river basins, or aquifers. Protecting these areas is essential for maintaining a sustainable and reliable supply of freshwater resources. Glossary of terms 35